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问题 综合题

读图分析回答下列问题。

背景材料：在中印两千多年的交往史上，曾经历过3次高潮：唐宋时期以佛教为主要载体的文化交流；20世纪上半期，两国人民在民族解放斗争中的患难之交；上世纪50年代，以两国共同倡导和平共处五项原则为标志的友好合作。中、印两国既是邻国，又是当今世界上两个最大的发展中国家。中国与印度有着相似的国情。近年来，两国关系有了进一步的发展。中国和印度重新开放连接西藏日喀则地区亚东县与印度锡金段的乃堆拉山口，再掀中印关系发展新高潮。

(1)写出古代中印两国交往开始的时间和途径。印度文化对中国影响最大的是什么?唐朝时对促进中印文化交流做出了不可磨灭的贡献的代表人物有哪些？

(2)中国太平天国运动和印度民族大起义，有哪些主要的异同点?

(3)中国辛亥革命和1905—1908年印度人民反英斗争高潮有何共同的新特点?

(4)二战后，印度获得独立和新中国诞生，有何相同的国际影响?中、印两国实现民族独立的方式又有何不同?

(5)概括说明20世纪50年代以后的印度经济所取得的主要成就和阻碍其经济发展的主要因素。并指出20世纪后期以来，中国经济持续发展的主要原因。

答案

(1)西汉与陆上丝绸之路。佛教。以佛教为纽带，中国与天竺文化交流加强。中国高僧玄奘和义净。

(2)主要不同：领导阶级（农民阶级与封建王公）、斗争对象（清朝封建统治与英国殖民统治）、起义主力（农民阶级与土兵）。主要相同点：发生的国际背景（工业革命后，主要资本主义国家加紧侵略亚洲）、性质（都属于亚洲革命风暴的组成部分，反殖反封建的民族解放运动）、结果（都以失败告终）。

(3)共同的新特点：由民族资产阶级及其政党领导；提出了比较完整的资产阶级斗争纲领；体现了发展资本主义的历史趋向；属于亚洲觉醒的一部分（亚洲民族民主运动的新高潮）。

(4)相同的国际影响：改变了世界政治力量的对比：沉重打击了帝国主义；极大鼓舞了被压迫民族的解放斗争。方式不同：在中国，在无产阶级政党（中 * * 党）领导下，通过武装斗争和农村包围城市，推翻本国反动政府；在印度，在民族资产阶级政党（国大党）领导下，通过人民的斗争，殖民当局“和平”移交 * * 。

(5)成就：建立了比较齐全的工业体系；实现了粮食的基本自给；科技成就突出。因素：人口膨胀、环境恶化、民族和宗教矛盾复杂等。中国主要原因：结束“ * * ”，实行改革开放；建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制；大力发展高科技。

这是一道围绕“中印关系”为主题的时政热点题，解答时注意分析比较的角度。

问答题

The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660--some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Simon assure us that the status of Black people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. (46) A critique of the Simons’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
(47) The Simons explain the appearance of legal slavery by contending that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Simons argue, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Simons cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Simons’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status--the two attributes of true slavery--yet in other cases it included both. (48) The Simons’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.
This possibility has important ramifications. (49) If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Simons have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. (50) Frey and Terry have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America--such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality--explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something.
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单项选择题

下列表述不符合专用书信格式写法的一项是（）

A、基本格式一般由标题、称谓、正文、结尾、落款五部分组成

B、标题可直书文种，或在文种前加上相应的内容

C、称谓写被感谢（慰问、庆贺）的单位或个人的名称，在名称前也可加上相应的称呼

D、结尾写上致敬语即可
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