问题 问答题 简答题

哪些因素影响铁矿石的还原速度?

答案

参考答案:

铁矿石还原速度的快慢,主要取决于煤气流和矿石的特性,煤气流特性主要是煤气温度、压力、流速和成分等,矿石特性主要是粒度、气孔度和矿物组成等。

(1)煤气中CO和H2的浓度。提高煤气中CO和H2的浓度,既可以提高还原过程中的内外扩散速度,又可以提高化学反应速度,同时也增大了与平衡浓度的差值,从而可以加快铁矿石的还原速度。

(2)煤气温度。表面化学反应速度和扩散速度皆随温度的升高而加快。因此,高温对加速铁矿石的还原有利,尤其是扩大800~1000℃的间接还原区,对加速高炉内的还原过程是关键。

(3)煤气流速。当反应处于外部扩散速度范围时,提高煤气流速对加快还原速度是非常有利的,这是因为提高煤气流速有利于冲散固体氧化物周围阻碍还原剂扩散的气体薄膜层,使还原剂直接到达氧化物表面。但是,当气流速度提高到一定程度后(即超过临界速度),气体薄膜层完全冲走,随即反应速度受内扩散速度或界面反应速度的控制,此时进一步提高煤气流速就不再起加快还原速度的作用,而高炉内的煤气流速远超过临界速度,所以煤气速度对炉内矿石还原过程没有影响。相反,由于气流速度过快而煤气利用率变坏,对高炉冶炼不利。因此,煤气流速必须控制在适当的水平上。

(4)煤气压力。提高煤气压力阻碍碳素溶损反应,使其平衡逆向移动,提高气相中CO2消失的温度,这就相当于扩大了间接还原区,对加快还原过程是有利的。同时,从分子运动论的观点看来,提高煤气压力使气体密度增大,增加了单位时间内与矿石表面碰撞的还原剂分子数,从而加快还原反应。但是,随着压力的提高,还原速度并不成比例地增加。这是因为提高压力以后,还原产物CO2和H2O的吸附能力也随之增加,阻碍还原剂的扩散,同时,由于碳素溶损反应的平衡逆向移动,气相中的CO2浓度增加,更接近CO间接还原的平衡组成,这些对铁氧化物的还原是不利的。因此,提高压力对加快还原的作用是不明显的。提高压力的主要意义在于降低压差,改善高炉顺行,为强化冶炼提供可能性。

(5)矿石粒度。同一重量的矿石,粒度愈小,与煤气的接触面积愈大,煤气利用率愈高。而对每一个矿粒来说,表面被还原的金属铁层厚度相同的情况下,粒度愈小,相对还原度愈大。因此,缩小粒度能提高单位时间内的相对还原度,从而加快矿石的还原速度。另一方面,缩小矿石粒度,缩短了扩散行程和减少了扩散阻力,从而加快了还原反应。

但是,粒度缩小到一定程度以后,固体内部的扩散阻力愈来愈小,最后由扩散速度范围转入化学反应速度范围,此时进一步缩小粒度也就不再起加快还原的作用。这一粒度称为临界粒度。高炉条件下的临界粒度约为3-5mm。另外,粒度过小会恶化料柱透气性,不利于还原反应。

比较合适的粒度对大高炉来说是10-25mm。

(6)矿石气孔度和矿物组成。气孔度是影响矿石还原性的主要因素之一。气孔度大而分布均匀的矿石还原性好,因为气孔度大,矿石与煤气接触面积大,同时,也减少了矿石内部的扩散阻力。组成矿石的矿物中,硅酸铁是影响还原性的主要因素,铁以硅酸铁的形态存在时就难还原。

问答题 简答题
阅读理解

阅读理解

     The practice of magic includes special words, actions, and objects. Most magic involves a person

called a magician, who claims to have supernatural powers.  

     Magic words. To work most magic, the magician sings or speaks special words in a certain order.  

These words are called incantations or spells. Some spells form prayers to demons(魔鬼), spirits, or

other supernatural forces. Many societies believe the magic will not work unless the magician recites the

spells perfectly. Other magic words have no meaning, though they supposedly possess power when

spoken by a magician.

     Magic actions accompany the words spoken in performing much magic. Many of these movements

act out the desired effect of the magic. For example, a magician trying to make rain fall may sprinkle

(洒) water on the ground. The magician's combined words and actions form a ceremony.

     Magic objects include certain plants, stones, and other things with supposed supernatural powers. 

Any such object may be called a fetish(物神). But this term often refers to an object-for example, a

carving or a dried snake-honored by a tribe for its magic powers. Many tribes believe fetishes have

magic power because spirits live in these objects.

     Many people carry magic objects called amulets(护身符)to protect themselves from harm. Many

amulets are stones or rings engraved(雕刻) with magic symbols.

     The magician.  In some societies, nearly everyone knows how to work some magic. In other

societies, only experts practice magic. Magicians may be called medicine men, medicine women,

shamans, sorcerers, or witch doctors. In many societies, magicians must inherit their powers. In others,

any person may become a magician by studying the magical arts.

     Many societies believe magicians must observe certain rules and taboos (forbidden actions) for their

spells to work. For example, they may be required not to eat various foods or to avoid sexual activity

for a certain period before the ceremony.

1. What do magic words mean to people in some society?

A. They have the power to kill devils.

B. They have power if magician recites the right spells.

C. They have no effect at all.  

D. They can be used whenever they want.  

2. People believe magic actions will have an effect if they are accompanied by________.

A. the spells

B. magic objects

C. stones or rings engraved with magic symbols

D. medicine 

3. Why do many people believe in a fetish? 

A. Because it is often a ring which is worth a lot of money.  

B. Because it is carved with magic symbols.  

C. Because people think spirits live in it.  

D. Because it can help them with many things.

4. What's the best title of the passage?

A. How Magic Works

B. The Power of Magic

C. How to Practice Magic

D. The Choice of Magicians