问题 问答题 简答题

系统模型理论认为一个合理有效的政策执行模型须重视的五个重要变量是什么?

答案

参考答案:

(1)政策的价值诉求,即政策目标与标准;

(2)政策资源,即系统本身实现价值的条件,包括人力资源、财物资源、信息资源、权威资源等;

(3)执行者属性,包括执行人员的价值取向、行为能力、精神面貌,以及执行机关的特征及其整合程度;

(4)执行方式,指的是执行者之间、执行者与群体之间采取的互动方式,主要包括沟通、协调与强制;

(5)系统环境,主要包括政治环境、经济环境、文化环境、社会条件等。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Saturday, October 7th, was a marathon of sad tasks for Anna Politkovskaya. Two weeks earlier, her father, a retired official in the department of foreign affairs, had died of a heart attack as he emerged from the Moscow Metro while on his way to visit Politkovskaya’s mother, Raisa Mazepa, in the hospital. She had just been diagnosed(诊断) with cancer and was too weak even to attend her husband’s funeral. “Your father will forgive me, because he knows that I have always loved him,” she told Anna and her sister, Elena Kudimova, the day he was buried. A week later, she had an operation and since then Anna and Elena had been taking turns helping her deal with her grief.

Politkovskaya was supposed to spend the day at the hospital, but her twenty-six-year-old daughter, who was pregnant, had just moved into Politkovskaya’s apartment, on Lesnaya Street, while her own place was being prepared for the baby. “Anna had so much on her mind,” Elena Kudimova told me when we met in London, before Christmas. “And she was trying to finish her article.” Politkovskaya was a special reporter for the small newspaper Novaya Gazeta, and, like most of her work, the piece focused on the terror that can be seen all over the southern republic of Chechnya. This time, she had been trying to report repeated cruel acts done by people faithful to the Prime Minister, Ramzan Kadyrov, who are in favour of Russia. In the past seven years, Politkovskaya had written dozens of accounts of life during wartime; many had been collected in her book “A Small Corner of Hell: reports from Chechnya.” Politkovskaya was far more likely to spend time in a hospital than on a battlefield, and her writing bore frequent witness to robbery, and the uncontrolled cruelty of life in a place that few other Russians—and almost no other reporters—cared to think about.

41. Politkovskaya’s father died of ______.

A. tiredness          B. a heart disease        C. an attack       D. an accident

42. From the text we know that Raisa Mazepa ______.

A. didn’t love her husband                   

B. didn’t attend her husband’s funeral

C. was having an operation the day her husband was buried

D. was too sad to attend her husband’s funeral

43. The underlined word “emerged” most likely means ______.

A. came out        B. went into      C. disappeared      D. left for

44. How many family members of Anna are mentioned in the passage?

A. Three.           B. Four         C. Five            D. Six

45. Which of the following words can best describe Politkovskaya’s character?

A. Curious         B. easy-going     C. careless          D. responsible