问题 问答题 简答题

如何判断我国自改革开放以来分配体制和分配格局变化对财政收入增长趋势的影响?

答案

参考答案:

政府的分配政策和分配体制是制约财政收入规模的重要因素。经济决定财政,财政收入规模的大小归根结底受生产发展水平的制约,这是财政学的一个基本观点。我国改革开放初期,财政收入占GDP的比重出现逐年下滑的趋势,直接导因是经济转轨过程中GDP分配格局的急剧变化。GDP分配格局变化的原因是复杂的,是国民经济运行中各种因素综合作用的结果。首先是经济体制转轨的必然结果。分但在改革过程中,特别是在改革初期,对这个分配政策的贯彻不是十分有力。

居民收入可分为两部分:一是制度内收入或称正常收入,主要是工资、奖金、经营收入和财产收入,这部分收入特别是工资收入还处于相对平均状态;二是制度外收入,即所谓灰色收入和黑色收入,这部分收入的特征是透明度差,通过哪些渠道,采取哪些形式,比重有多大,情况是若明若暗。从以上分析可以看出,在经济体制改革中调整分配政策和分配体制是必需的,但必须有缜密的整体设计,并要考虑国家财政的承受能力。改革伊始以至于以后多年来对分配政策和分配体制的调整缺乏有序性,存在过急过度的弊病,削弱了财政的宏观调控能力,造成资金分散与保证国家重点建设的严重矛盾。

因此,从1993年开始在提高经济效益的基础上,整顿市场秩序、调整分配格局、适当提高财政收入占国民收入的比重,是当时深化改革中应有的课题

单项选择题

Passage Three

Immigrants are consumers as well as producers, so they create jobs as well as taking them. And the work they do need not be at the expense of native workers. Immigrants often hold jobs that natives are unwilling to accept at any feasible wage.
Also, immigrants sometimes help to keep industries viable (能存活的) that would otherwise disappear altogether, causing employment to fall. This was the conclusion of a study of the Los Angeles garment industry in the 1970s and 1980s. And when immigrants working for low wages do put downward pressure on natives’ wages, they may raise the (real) wages of natives in general by keeping prices lower than they otherwise would be.
In theory, then, the net effect of immigration on native wages is uncertain. Unfortunately, most of the empirical (经验主义的) research on whether immigrants make natives worse off in practice is also inconclusive except the effect, one way or the other, seems small. Most of this research has been done in America: if there were any marked influence on wages, that is where you would expect to find it, given the scale of immigration and the tendency of the newcomers to concentrate in certain areas. But most studies have compared wages and employment in areas with many immigrants to wages and employment in areas with few. For instance, one examined the impact of sudden and notorious inflow of refugees to Miami from the Cuban port of Mariel in 1980. Within the space of a few months, 125 000 people had arrived, increasing Miami’s labor force by 7%. Yet the study concluded that wages and employment among the city’s natives, including the unskilled, were virtually unaffected. Another study examined the effect of immigration on wages and employment of those at the bottom of the jobs ladder—unskilled blacks and Hispanics. It found that a doubling of the rate of immigration had no detectable effect on natives.
The most recent work, admittedly, has tended to question these findings. Using more detailed statistics and more sophisticated methods than the earlier studies, this work has tended to find that immigrants’ wages take longer to rise to the level of the natives’ wages than has been supposed. This implies a more persistent downward pressure on the host economy’s labor market.
Typically these studies find that immigration does depress unskilled natives’ wages to a small extent. But nearly all economists would agree that the effects of immigration are insignificant in relation to other influences.

According to the most recent study, ______.

A.immigration only depresses unskilled natives’ wages to a large extent

B.immigration puts a longer downward pressure on the natives’ wages

C.immigrants’ wages can rise to the level of natives’ very quickly

D.immigrants tend to be in unemployment for a long time

单项选择题