问题 问答题 简答题

试述西周分封制的历史作用。

答案

参考答案:

西周分封制的历史作用主要有三点

①作为一种制度,分封实际承认了包括商人在内的异族人生存的权利。周人并没有把被他们征服的族群全部变成奴隶踩在脚下。在封建宋国的同时,周也对商遗民进行了分割,如将“殷民六族”分配给鲁,将“七族”分配给卫,将“顽民”迁移到周等,但成族地分配,只是

对强大的商族群体进行拆解,意在消除他们的反抗的力量。殷遗民在周朝社会里,甚至有选择生活方式的自由,如可以按他们的习惯去经商等。周对商遗民尚如此,对其他族群,也不至于太差。另外,周人还有意利用婚姻,广泛地与异姓贵族建立稳固的亲戚关系。这些措施最大的好处,是为渐渐消除族群问的仇恨乃至文化界限,提供了前提和保证。因此,分封制的实施,实际完成的是这样一项重大的变革:在一个广大地域上,众多的林立的人群,敉平各自的族姓界限,走向融合。西周王朝的历史功绩在于它“孵化”出一个统一的文化人群,中 * * 的基于由此生成,后世一切统一家国社会的建立,都仰仗这一基础。

②旨在维护王室统滔的分封,实际形成的是周王与诸侯共治天下的局面。周朝的分封,各诸侯国是有自己的土地、军队、人民的,是实体性的 * * 存在。王朝要使诸侯有效地捍卫周室,就必须向他们让渡权力,而诸侯要想保证自己的存在,必须捍卫王朝的权益。分封制是一种富于“弹性”的制度,与后代王权专制有重大的差别,那种认为中国自周代就是专制社会的看法是不符合实际的。

③分封制是一个激发历史创造力的制度。在周初异姓族群林立的情况下,每一个分封出去的国家,必须完全靠自己的努力才能开辟生存空间。这就必须因地制宜地去寻求自己发展的道路。如在东夷文化区立国的鲁是变俗革礼,地利饶衍的齐国则广开渔盐之利。分封制超出制度本身的意义,是多姿多彩的上古文化局面的开辟。

选择题
阅读理解

Every year, as Spring Festival draws near, most Chinese people will get excited to make preparation for the most important festival and make plan for the winter break. It is a little like Christmas in the United States, but there are some differences between the two festivals.

Both the major Chinese and the major Western holidays come during the cold season, and special food is expected. In western countries, cookies and cakes begin just after Thanksgiving in November and show up everywhere. Turkey, potatoes and other food come later. Similar thing happens in China. Entering lunar December, most families will make shopping plans for the coming big day and food is certainly one of the most important things to be considered. At the end of the month, both parents in each family will be very busy---the father is busy buying food while the mother is busy cooking.

A deeper similarity (相似处) is tradition. Christmas, as the letters “Christ” suggests, began as a holiday to celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ. Many people pray (祈祷) on this day. In China, people living in cities or towns, though they don’t plan to sow seeds(播种) this month, still celebrate on the big day for farmers.

Followers of both holidays are also different from each other. While Chinese people travel to the homes of elder relatives, Americans usually call or send cards. Westerners prefer Christmas carols to fireworks. In Christmas, many family gifts come together instead of one by one, since adults may have only one day free to celebrate.

But the most curious difference is about students. Chinese students going home for Spring Festival sometimes report that they get bored by the end of vacation, yet American students seldom get bored around Christmas and western New Year.

Not everyone enjoys classic holiday traditions. Students in western countries may get upset, as too much homework, travel or bad family relations may destroy the short holiday season. In China, more and more college students choose to travel or work during the winter holiday instead of going home to stay with their families. It’s against the tradition but many people accept it.

小题1:What does “the coming big day” (Paragraph 2) refer to?

A.Christmas

B.Thanksgiving Day

C.the New Year’s Day

D.the Spring Festival小题2:The second and the third paragraphs mainly talk about ________.

A.the similarities between Christmas and the Spring Festival

B.the differences between Christmas and the Spring Festival

C.the preparations for Christmas and the Spring Festival

D.the history of Christmas and the Spring Festival小题3:What does the writer mainly want to tell us in this passage?

A.Food in different festivals.

B.Differences between two festivals.

C.Festivals in China and western countries.

D.Traditional celebrations in different countries.