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分析网络经济对国际贸易理论的影响

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参考答案:

传统的国际贸易理论都是以物质性资源作为讨论问题的共同基础,例如,土地、资金、劳力等都是物质性资源。但是,基于网络经济的新理论面对的却是一个非物质性资源为基础的世界,是一个以知识和信息为基础的社会,以物质性资源为基础的工业经济的连续函数在非物质性资源为基础的知识经济中将不再适宜。网络经济的出现,正在改变着国际经济的基本情况和国际市场的主要特征,因而也就对传统的国际贸易理论形成重大的挑战。

1.网络经济将改变传统的比较优势格局,从而动摇现有的一些理论基础

比较优势理论认为,国际贸易产生的直接原因在于各国生产同种商品的价格差异,而价格差异是由成本差异造成的,成本的不同是由各国生产要素的价格不同造成的,生产要素的价格则是由生产要素的丰裕程度决定的。正是由于各国生产要素的丰裕程度的不同,决定了各国在生产不同产品时所具有的比较优势或价格优势,所以,一个国家将出口较密集地使用其丰裕的生产要素制造的商品,进口较密集地使用其稀缺的生产要素制造的商品。根据传统国际贸易理论,发达国家拥有资金和技术的比较优势格局,发展中国家则在劳动力资源上拥有优势。然而,网络经济的发展,通用型技术的采用,使得传统产业中劳动大为减少。产品成本中劳动比重的降低,发达国家的企业有可能重新占据传统产业的竞争优势。同样,在网络经济中,发展中国家面临的是一个全球的技术市场和资本市场。信息技术使得技术数字化,从而能在全球范围内很快地扩散,因此,发展中国家较容易的就能够得到技术,这种优势再加上劳动力成本优势会使发展中国家具备有超强的竞争力,大量的产品生产和工作机会从发达国家向发展中国家转移。总之,网络经济的发展,国际贸易的发展呈现新的趋势,使得传统理论的解释能力有所下降,甚至可能会对某些现象失去解释能力。

2.网络经济的发展,也带来比较优势理论的经济学基础的变化

(1)生产可能性边界的前提条件发生了变化。生产可能边界是对李嘉图比较优势理论进行解释时所使用的最重要的分析工具。传统的国际贸易理论一般都是建立在严格的前提假定的基础上。它分析的经济环境,假定各国国内市场是完全竞争的,而各国之间则不存在生产要素的自由移动。生产可能性边界的一个重要的前提条件就是资本和技术在国家之间不能轻易流动。因此,在这种前提下,发达国家生产资本密集型、高技术含量的产品,而发展中国家生产低技术含量、劳动密集型的产品。但是,在网络经济中,全球各经济实体资本和技术可得性增强,各国面临的将是一个全球的技术市场和资本市场。信息技术使得技术数字化,从而技术能在全球范围内很快地扩散。显然,在目前这种技术发展日新月异的情况下,这种假设的可信度受到了怀疑。

(2)边际收益递减与边际收益递增规律的变化。在传统的国际贸易理论中,构成一国竞争优势基础的丰裕要素服从收益递减的规律。由于收益递减规律的作用,这就限制了一国将其丰裕的生产要素在本国范围内的充分利用。但是,知识和信息要素却与一般的物质性要素相反,服从于收益递增的规律。其原因在于,知识要素有一种自我积累与叠加的作用,有一种不受成本约束的知识裂变作用,该生产要素具有可复制性、无排他性的特点。它的成本不随使用量的增加而成比例增加,比如一个软件一生产出来,它的再生产成本几乎为零。因此就出现了边际收益递减规律在一定程度上的失效,使得解释传统比较优势理论的经济学基础发生了很大的变化。

在网络经济中,正确客观认识这两个规律是十分重要的。在网络经济中也并不是唯一的只有边际收益递增规律发生作用。在网络经济中,也会出现边际收益递减的现象。网络经济所改变的仅仅是缩小了边际收益递减规律的作用范围,使它在经济活动中不再成为起主导作用的规律。

3.网络经济进一步推动生产要素理论的发展

传统的古典贸易理论将劳动力、资本、土地作为国际生产中最基本的要素。知识只是一种经济的外在变量,它必须依附于和通过物质性要素这些内在变量才能发挥作用。但是,在网络经济中,知识已成为一种独立的生产要素,并且成为主导其他要素的最重要的生产要素。这样,知识自然也就成为经济发展的内在变量,而且是决定性的内在变量,从而也是决定一国比较优势与竞争地位的决定性因素。目前,国际贸易中信息技术成为贸易国或企业国际竞争力的构成要素,国家和企业的信息处理效率成为其参与国际竞争的基础和条件。所以国家整体信息化程度的高低决定了该国国家竞争力的强弱,决定了它在全球的国际市场重新划分中所处的位置。信息要素日益成为网络经济时代最基本的生产要素,其作用甚至高出土地、资本要素。可以预见,随着网络经济实践的深入,在“资源禀赋论”基础上产生的“新要素论”会有新的探索,将会有新的理论构建。

阅读理解

For years I wanted a flower garden. I spent hours and days thinking of different things I could plant that would look nice together.

But then we had Matthew. And Marvin. And the twins, Alisa and Alan. And then Helen. Five children. I was too busy raising them to grow a garden.

Money was tight, as well as time. Often when my children were little, one of them would want something that cost too much, and I’d have to say, “Do you see a money tree outside? Money doesn’t grow on trees, you know.”

Finally, all five children got through high school and college and were off on their own. I started thinking again about having a garden.

I wasn’t sure, though. I mean, gardens do cost money, and after all these years I was used to living on a pretty poor, no-frills budget (预算).

Then, one spring morning, on Mother’s day, I was working in my kitchen. Suddenly, I realized that cars were tooting their horns as they drove by. I looked out of the window and there was a new tree, planted right in my yard. I thought it must be a weeping willow, because I saw things blowing around on all its branches. Then I put my glasses on—and I couldn’t believe what I saw. There was a money tree in my yard!

I went outside to look. It was true! There were dollar bills, one hundred of them, tied all over the tree. Think of all the garden flowers I could buy with one hundred dollars! There was also a note attached: “IOU eight hours of digging time. Love, Marvin.”

Marvin kept his promise, too. He dug up a nice ten-by-fifteen foot bed for me. And my other children bought me tools, a trellis (绷架), a sunflower stepping stone and gardening books.

That was three years ago. My garden’s now very pretty, just like what I wanted. When I go out to weed or tend my flowers, I don’t seem to miss my children as much as I once did. It feels like they are right there with me.

I live up in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, where winters are long and cold, and summers are too short. But every year now, when winter sets in, I look out of my window and think of the flowers I’ll see next spring in my little garden. I think about what my children did for me, and I get tears in my eyes---every time.

I’m still not sure that money grows on trees. But I know love does.

小题1:By saying “Do you see a money tree outside?”, the mother actually means _____.

A.Observation is the best teacher

B.Seeing is believing

C.The outsider sees the most of the game

D.It is not easy to gain money小题2:The underlined word “no-frills” in the fifth paragraph is similar in meaning to _____.

A.wasteful

B.tight

C.deserted

D.helpful小题3:From the last two paragraphs we can infer that the mother is _____.

A.divorced when she was young

B.not caring for her kids any longer

C.alone but not at all lonely

D.prouder with her garden than with her kids小题4:The best title for the passage would probably be _____.

A.My flower garden

B.Marvin helps to realize my dream

C.Love in Michigan

D.Money grows on trees

单项选择题