His efforts to raise money for his program were ______ because, no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.

A．in place

B．in sight

C．in effect

D．in vain

炮制后可降低毒性和刺激性的药物是（）

A.棕榈

B.干漆

C.牵牛子

D.灯心草

E.白矾