问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下列各题。(15分)

乾隆二十四年的冬天,在瓜洲古渡口,有人发现了雪芹的身影。

雪芹从五岁上离开江宁,渡江北上,这是他三十年后重来了。面对着长江的逝水,不禁又想起大诗人苏东坡的名句:

大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。

不错,大江的波涛,正在淘荡着古今的俊才奇士——包括雪芹自己,也包括着他书中的那些非凡的少女。

不巧,冬来得早,一场风雪,冻封了江,这是不多见的天气。渡船停摆了。

雪芹正感无可奈何,岸边一家沈姓老人见他徘徊愁闷,便很热情地邀他到家暂时歇息。老人一家的仁厚慷慨,使雪芹非常感动。叨扰了二三日,相处得越发亲热起来。不久,天色放睛,气暖江开,雪芹要走了,转觉依依不舍。他问老人,有纸笔吗?老人捧出文房四宝,雪芹挽袖提笔在手,不一时,一幅《天官图》①展现纸上。老人惊呆了,半晌说:“我见先生风骨不凡,定非俗士,果然是位大才!”雪芹说:“没有可以报谢的,我画天官,给老人家赐福吧。”宾主作别,雪芹收拾过江去了。这幅画,据镇江沈氏后人说,保存到很晚近的年代,可惜怎么也找不见了。

此番雪芹渡江何事?因何而来的呢?原来他因友人之荐,为两江总督尹继善礼聘,到江宁做他的西宾幕客。一到江南,雪芹的才华立即受到了尹继善的赏重,并以楝亭②有此嗣孙引为欣慰。初时,宾主相得,情好甚笃。

可是,雪芹的处境到哪里也是复杂的。这次南来的遭遇,有几件事使他更叹命途之乖舛。

正如敦敏③赠雪芹所说的:“可知野鹤在鸡群。”他的才华出众,易为人知,也易为人妒。同事中间,小人之辈,谮毁之言,久而遂多。尹继善虽然爱才好士,扬风乾雅④,但全是正统一派人物,眼见雪芹的一些言谈行径,渐渐心有不乐之意。尹继善是正人,倒出于一片好心。从他自已的正统观念出发,以为雪芹落到此等境地,是因无人“导之于正”,他就要设法挽救雪芹,而雪芹对于这种“挽救”,却是道不同不相为谋,根本不能接受。这么一来,各无恶意,皆本素怀,可是误会既多,彼此都无法谅解:别人本是一片热心为他好,而雪芹看来那是不能苟从的道路;雪芹如要我行我素,不肯污于流俗,就必然被人视为狂妄无状,负义忘恩。一个不能为世人所理解的伟大的哲士文豪,越是伟大,越是孤独,越是寂寞。“都云作者痴,谁解其中味?”这正是雪芹的最巨大、最深刻的悲哀。

当时南京住着一位声气极大的诗家名叫袁枚。有人介绍,想为曹、袁二人牵丝引线,以为两诗人定能投契。雪芹素知袁枚风格不高,看不入眼,拒而不往。这也得罪了南京的诗坛文苑。

雪芹本是为《石头》一记而南游的,不想最后事情也就出在这部书上。

乾隆的皇八子永璇,年少,不守礼法,他的师傅孙灏在二十三年已然得咎;二十四年秋,永璇的岳翁尹继善也受了指摘。到二十五年春天,为了加强管教,乾隆不得不亲“幸”永璇府第,意在察看。当乾隆查出身有“内病”的永璇竞偷看这种“邪书”,自然十分震惊恼怒,决心要弄清这部“淫词小说”的一切原委。当这事的风波很快传到了永璇岳家尹继善那里,他不觉目瞪口呆,因为著书人就在他的幕席之间!由是,风声汹汹,人言啧啧,顿时大为紧张。尹继善毕竞还是厚道长者,不肯出卖楝亭的后人,就透消息给雪芹,让他赶紧托故离职,潜身他往,避免多所株连,将关系的复杂程度尽量缩小。于是,无可回避的雪芹,收拾行装,决意北返。幸而永璇有力,多方弥补遮掩,设法将事搪塞过去,一时未至酿成大案。

(节选自周汝昌《曹雪芹新传》第三十章,有删节)

注:①《天官图》:天官,是道教信奉的三神之一,传说天官赐福。天官图,即天官的画像。②楝亭:曹雪芹的祖父曹寅的号。③敦敏:曹雪芹的好友。④扬风雅:指品评诗文。清•赵翼《廿二史札记》卷三十:“诸人尝寓其家,流连觞咏,声光映蔽江表。此皆林下之人扬《风》挖《雅》。

小题1:第七段中说“有几件事使他更叹命途之乖舛”,指的是哪几件事?请分条概述。(4分)

小题2:请联系本文所写曹雪芹经历中的几件事,简析这一人物的性格特征。(5分)

小题3:从节选的这一部分传记内容来看,曹雪芹生活在一个怎样的社会环境中?这对理解曹雪芹这个人物有什么意义?请加以探究。(6分)

答案

小题1:①曹雪芹的言谈行径不流于世俗,因而不为世人所理解,与尹继善发生了矛盾;②因看不上袁枚,不与之交往.因而得罪了南京的文人;③所著小说《石头记》在永璇府被发现。引起皇帝的恼怒。

小题1:(1)为沈姓老人作画。表现出曹雪芹出众的才华和感恩的性格;(2)在做尹继善西宾幕僚期间,逐渐流露出卓尔不群、不同流合污的性格;(3)拒绝与风格不高的袁枚交往,体现了曹雪芹率真、清高的性格。(4)《石头记》在永璇府的遭遇,从创作上表现了作者不守礼法的性格。

小题1:曹雪芹生活在一个封建正统思想浓厚、自己的言行不为世人所理解,他的小说被封建帝王视为“邪书”这样一个社会环境中。(2分)在这样的社会环境中,曹雪芹不为社会中强大的压力所左右,保持自己为人处世的准则,这就更显示出了他在社会上的孤独、寂寞,也显示出了他的伟大,社会环境对人物具有鲜明的村托作用。(4分)

小题1:答出三点,得4分;答出两点,得3分;答出一点.得2分

小题1:写出三条即可。对人物形象特征没有具体分析,只写“才华出从”“不同流合污”“清高”等,得分不得超过2分

小题1:本题考查“对作品进行个性化阅读和有创意的解读”考点,能力层次为F,侧重“探究”能力的考查。这是一道探究题。答题之前,先对作品有充分的了解和准确的把握。面对一篇陌生的文学作品,要善于抓住关键语句,理清全文脉络,明白作品所表达的主题,对全文有一个整体认识和把握。具体答题时,还要切忌脱离文本,想当然地去套用鉴赏术语,避免空洞抽象的泛泛而谈或不着边际的任意罗列,更不能根据个人的主观喜好冠作隧意的褒贬。本题可以从客观与主观两方面去思考。

多项选择题
多项选择题

The lobbying carried out by food manufacturers to block a European-wide food labelling system backed by doctors is laid bare in a series of private emails published today by The Independent. In a flurry of statements and position papers to MEPs in the run up to key votes, Kellogg’ s, Danone, Coca-Cola, Nestle and other manufacturers claimed that colour-coded traffic lights were incapable of informing shoppers about the right diet.
They claimed that studies showed that their favoured percentage-based Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) had wide consumer acceptance. Polls by the National Heart Forum and the consumer group Which that looked at both systems found shoppers preferred colour-coding. On Wednesday, the European Parliament rejected the traffic light system devised by the Food Standards Agency vote in favour of GDAs. At the same time, they backed the compulsory labeling of harmful trans-fats and country of origin on processed products.
Glenis Willmott, the leader of Labour’ s MEPs, accused the food industry of heavy-handed tactics. "People weren’t being told the full facts and the amount of time and money poured in by lobbyists was huge," she said. "It must have had an impact. " Mette Kahlin, policy advocate for Which, said. "While I was lobbying in Brussels for Which it was clear I was outnumbered by industry lobbyists 100-1. Consumer and health organisations don’t have enough money to match that. "
Devised by the UK Food Standards Agency in 2006, traffic lights show red lights for high levels of salt, fat and sugar, and amber and green for lower amounts. The British Medical Association, British Dietetic Association and British Heart Foundation are among the health groups that support the scheme. On Monday, the Ad Hoc GDA Group, representing 11 manufacturers including Kellogg’s Mars, Nestle and Unilever, emailed Mps in a last-ditch attempt to swing their vote. "We still believe that a traffic light approach provides too judgmental an assessment of foodstuffs--the complex nutritional composition of a food and its place in the diet cannot be reduced to a single colour," they wrote.
In an earlier email, Nestle France warned that the introduction of a colour-coded system would "create an arbitrary judgment about the food and this, in total disconnection with dietary requirements. " Coca-cola even claimed that a diet based upon green lights could be harmful. In a document headed "Food labelling basic elements for discussion", sent in 2008, the US fizzy drinks giant told MEPs. "Colour coding gives the consumer false assurances. A diet based upon products with green lights would lead to chronic nutritional deficiencies. "
"The briefings are not based on evidence," protested Ms Kahlin, of Which "In the UK we have had traffic lights and no one has been admitted to hospital with malnutrition from eating food signed with green lights. People still eat products marked red but they become aware of what is in their food. " The EU wants to introduce a unified labelling system to cut obesity, diabetes and other illnesses, which are causing millions of lost days at work and billions of pounds in health costs.

At the request of the Food Standards Agency, retailers Sainsbury’s and Asda have put traffic lights on their own-label products, but they have been fiercely opposed by Tesco and multinational manufacturers. In recent months, Pepsico, Danone and other global food giants and trade groups have mounted one of the biggest lobbying operations in EU history.
Lobbyists accosted MEPs in bars and restaurants and began turning up in their offices without appointments. They bombarded MEPs with documents, reports and fact-sheets praising GDAs and undermining traffic lights. The lobbying was aimed at members of the Environment committee before a key vote in March, when it rejected traffic lights by 32-30. All 736 MEPs were targeted in the run-up to Wednesday’s vote. Manufacturers maintained the lobbying was based on solid evidence.
Kellogg’s said.. "If we’ re to win the obesity battle, consumers need a labelling scheme that gives them a much greater understanding of what’s in their food so they can make informed choices. GDAs do this in a way traffic lights simply can’t, and that’s why we’ ll continue to use and support them. " Coca-Cola said.- "Our communication to MEPs was based on thorough research of European consumers that is publicly available. " Nestle said. "GDAs are factual and objective and ensure consumers can evaluate a product’s role in their daily diet. " Unilever, Mars and Danone were unavailable for comment.1.What is the traffic light system discussed in the passage What is the function of such traffic light system