问题 问答题 简答题

明代的行移勘合制度如何?它有什么积极意义?

答案

参考答案:

明初“行移勘合”本是辨验公文纸真伪的文书工作制度,不作为公文文种。明洪武十五年(1382年)。春正月,为强化皇权对中央政令的控制,减少各中央衙署对地方衙署发文,并防止欺弊假冒,而创行“行移勘合”制度。这种制度的内容要点和得名之由为:

(1)。由内府(皇宫内机构)。控制各中央官署发往地方官署公文的用纸。

(2)。为全国各布政使司、都指挥使司、提刑按察使司及直隶府、州、卫所,各置簿册(即收文摘由登记簿)。,将空白公文纸折合于册页,编写字号并加盖内府关防。使印文的右半在册页上,印文的左半在空白公文纸上,使一一对应。

(3)。将簿册发给既定的地方收文官署,半印空白公文纸依编号分类收藏于内府。(4)。凡五军都督府、六部、都察院等中央官衙对地方官署发文,均向内府领取限用于某收文官署的空白公文纸书写下发。

(5)。收文的地方官署,将公文上编号、半印与簿册该页的编号、半印核对(勘)。、弥合(合)。。如两半编号衔接、两半印文吻合,且字体一致,编号墨色、印文朱色各自浓淡相同,则执行公文的所述事宜。

(6)。在收文簿该页上登记相关内容(如来文机关、事由等项)。,待一本收文登记簿册用满,呈缴内府备查。

(7)。由于以两处半印相合为主要核查依据,所以又称“半印勘合”。明代政务实践中,基于分印为两半、合作凭信之意,形成多种勘合制度,如军籍勘合、调军勘合、勾军勘合、出关勘合、宗藩勘合、通贡勘合、除授官员勘合等。从公文学的角度看,行移勘合是供收文衙署检验编号、半印,以辨识公文真伪的制度。这时的“勘合”仅指公文外形特征,并非公文文种。

故此:

(1)。可用于书写各种公文;

(2)。内容用途亦无限定。

这种行移勘合制度的积极意义是:

(1)。杜绝伪造公文。

(2)。由于中央衙署发文,须向内府领纸;地方官署收文登记册满,须上缴内府。在一定程度上可控制中央衙署发文数量,并省察政令是否恰当。遏止文牍主义、抑制假公济私的乱政行为。

阅读理解

Thousands of years ago, people didn’t know that the Earth moved. They thought the sun really did move across the sky. The Greek god Helios was said to drive the sun around the sky with his chariot(战车). But now, these ideas have all changed. Nowadays, it is the sun that drives our “chariot” around the sky.

So what does all this mean? Well, quite simply, there is now a plane (or “chariot”) that is powered by the sun. It has special parts in its wings. These parts absorb power from the sun. They absorb so much power that they can carry on flying at night. In the Greek myths(希腊神话), Helios had to take a break at night. It seems we’re finally even more efficient than the gods themselves.

This plane is called Solar Impulse (“太阳驱动”号). It will fly across the US in May. This is very important for the future of the world.

So why is solar energy so good for us? Well, other kinds of energy cause a few problems. If you live in China, you’ve probably noticed the pollution. This is caused by burning coal or gas to make energy. The heat and chemicals(化学制品)from this make things work. But if we use the heat from the sun, we don’t have to burn anything, and there’s no pollution.

Solar energy is not all there yet. It needs to be improved. But the best thing about it is that, unlike coal and gas, it doesn’t run out. Solar Impulse could keep flying forever. Well, actually, the sun will run out too, one day, but not for another 5 billion years. That’s a pretty long flight.

小题1:What does “chariot” really refer to in the last sentence of Paragraph 1?

A.The Earth.

B.The Greek god.

C.Solar Impulse.

D.Birds.小题2:Which of the following is TRUE of Solar Impulse?

A.It can only fly at night.

B.It has already flown across the US.

C.It is powered by the sun.

D.It needs gas to work.小题3:In the passage, what is mentioned as the cause of pollution in China?

A.Overpopulation.

B.Burning coal or gas.

C.Using solar energy.

D.Heavy traffic.小题4:What does the writer mean by “That’s a pretty long flight”?

A.It takes a lot of time to get Solar Impulse going.

B.Solar Impulse moves very slowly.

C.Solar Impulse will be in use for a long time.

D.Solar Impulse has a long way to go to take the place of the sun.小题5:The passage is most probably taken from___________.

A.a Greek myth

B.a science fiction

C.a story-book

D.a science magazine

单项选择题 A3/A4型题