问题 问答题 简答题

试述结渣积灰的危害?

答案

参考答案:

在电站锅炉运行中,锅炉结渣、积灰是个长期存在的问题。电站锅炉主要以煤作为燃料,其燃烧产物中含有大量的灰粒、硫和氮的氧化物等物质,这些物质在锅炉运行的过程中有时会以各种形式沉积在受热面的表面,造成受热面的结渣和积灰。

锅炉结渣、积灰不但增加了锅炉受热面的传热阻力,使受热面传热恶化、煤耗增加、降低锅炉的热经济性,还可能造成烟气通道的堵塞,影响了锅炉的安全运行,严重时会发生设备损坏、人身伤害事故。锅炉结渣即锅炉结焦,对锅炉运行危害严重:

(1)炉膛内结渣会增加受热面的传热阻力,降低辐射吸热量,使炉膛出口烟温升高。这不仅影响锅炉的自然水循环,还会使对流受热面因热负荷升高、对流传热量增加而导致蒸汽温度、金属壁温超温。

(2)炉膛结渣会造成因炉内空气动力场不均、燃烧偏斜发生的水冷壁管垢量超标;

(3)还会造成因炉膛受热不均而导致的炉墙撕裂。

(4)燃烧器喷口及其附近结渣,会影响到煤粉射流及改变炉内燃烧空气动力工况,直接影响风粉的混合和燃烧;同时还会影响到火检的测量,危及锅炉的安全运行。

(5)炉膛出口受热面结渣,则会影响受热面传热,甚至影响蒸汽温度,并增大通风阻力,严重时甚至造成烟气通道的堵塞而使燃烧恶化。

(6)锅炉掉焦严重时会造成锅炉出渣困难,被迫降出力运行甚至停炉出渣、打焦。

(7)锅炉掉大焦时可能导致火焰拉断、局部爆燃等现象的发生,并引发锅炉灭火;灰渣脱落时,会划伤甚至砸坏水冷壁或冷灰斗;严重时发生锅炉水冷壁损坏并引发锅炉灭火、高温汽水伤人等事故。

名词解释
单项选择题

When Dave was eighteen, he bought a secondhand car for 200 so that he could travel to and from work more (1) than by bus. It worked quite well for a few years, but then it got so old, and it was costing him (2) much in repairs that he decided that he had better (3) it.

He asked among his friends to see if anyone was particularly (4) to buy a cheap car, but they all knew that it was falling to pieces, so (5) of them had any desire to buy it. Dave’s friend Sam saw that he was (6) when they met one evening, and said, "What’s (7) , Dave"

Dave told him, and Sam answered, "Well, what about advertising it in the paper You may (8) more for it that way than the cost of the advertisement!" Thinking that Sam’s (9) was sensible, he put an advertisement in an evening paper, which read "For sale: small car, (10) very little petrol, only two owners. Bargain at 50. " For two days after the advertisement first appeared, there was no (11) . But then on Saturday evening he had an enquiry. A man rang up and said he would like to (12) him about the car. "All right, " Dave said, feeling happy. He asked the man whether ten o’clock the next morning would be (13) or not. "Fine, " the man said, "and I’ll (14) my wife. We intend to go for a ride in it to (15) it. "

The next morning, at a quarter to ten, Dave parked the car in the square outside his front door, (16) to wait there for the people who had (17) his advertisement. Even Dave had to (18) that the car really looked like a wreck. Then, soon after he had got the car as clean (19) it could be, a police car stopped just behind him and a policeman got out. He looked at Dave’s car and then said, "Have you reported this (20) to us yet, sir\

16().

A.happening 

B.meaning 

C.turning 

D.failing