问题 问答题 论述题

综合阐述利他行为的理论。

答案

参考答案:

主要包括这样几个方面:

(1)生物学理论。威尔逊(E.O.Wilson)从生物学的角度解释利他行为,指出利他行为是先天决定的,是本能,即遗传获得的,而不必通过学习获得.进一步的解释是为了保存基因,两个个体之间基因的相似性越大,则当其中一个个体需要帮助时,另一个个体就越可能从事利他行为。

(2)社会规范理论。认为利他行为产生的原因是社会规范的作用,是人们按照社会规范来行动的结果。主要包括:

A社会责任规范。这种观点认为我们对于需要帮助的人负有社会责任,我们应该帮助需要帮助的人。在社会责任规范的潜移默化的影响下,人们内化了这种规范,即使没有外来的奖赏,看到别人有困难就会主动地进行帮助。

B回报规范(互惠规范)。这种观点认为人们应该帮助那些曾经帮助过他们的人,不应该伤害曾经帮助过他们的人。回报规范对维护稳定的人际关系具有重要的作用,只有少数人可以不受助人的回报规范所约束,这些人就是高度依赖性的人。

(3)学习和模仿理论。这种理论认为利他行为之所以发生是因为这种行为在过去受到了强化。利他行为在先前受到过奖励,那么,这种行为更有可能发生;当利他行为在先前没有受到奖励或受到了惩罚,那么,这种行为就不大可能发生。

A改变利他行为的概率。利他行为的增加和减少,可通过把奖励或惩罚与利他行为的联结来办到。

B利他行为作为强化来源。利他行为本身不可以作为强化来源来影响利他行为的发生。

C奖励和代价。每个人对伴随着助人或不去助人的消极和积极特征会作出权衡。在任何特定的激起水平上,利他行为最可能发生在奖励高而代价低的场合。

D模仿。班杜拉提出的模仿理论认为:人们可以仅仅通过观察别人的行为而习得利他行为,利他行为可以通过模仿而学会。

填空题
单项选择题

Strange things have been happening to England. Still (1) from the dissolution of the empire in the years (2) World War Ⅱ, now the English find they are not even British. As the cherished "United Kingdom" breaks into its (3) parts, Scots are clearly (4) and the Welsh, Welsh. But who exactly are the English What’s left of them, with everything but the (5) half of their island taken away

Going back in time to (6) roots doesn’t help. First came the Celts, then the Romans, then Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes. Invasion after invasion, until the Norman Conquest. English national identity only seemed to find its (7) later, on the shifting sands of expansionism, from Elizabethan times onwards. The empire seemed to seal it. But now there’s just England, (8) of a green island in the northern seas, lashed by rain, scarred by two (9) of vicious industrialization fallen (10) dereliction, ruined, as D.H. Lawrence thought, by "the tragedy of ugliness," its abominable architecture.

Of all English institutions, the one to (11) on would surely be the pub. Shelter to Chaucer’s pilgrims, home to Falstaff and Hal, throne of felicity to Dr. Johnson, the pub- that smoky, yeasty den of jollity-is the womb of (12) , if anywhere is. Yet in the midst of this national (13) crisis, the pub, the mainstay of English life, a staff driven (14) into the sump of history, (15) as the Saxons, is suddenly dying and evolving at (16) rates. Closing at something like a rate of more than three a day, pubs have become (17) enough that for the first time since the Domesday Book, more than half the villages in England no longer have one. It’s a rare pub that still (18) , or even limps on, by being what it was (19) to be: a drinking establishment. The old (20) of a pub as a place for a "session," a lengthy, restful, increasingly tipsy evening of swigging, is all but defunct.

17()

A.enough

B.scarce

C.cheap

D.popular