现代文阅读。

　　①除了智商、勤奋因素外，环境、营养、疾病一些因素也能影响我们的智力，这里提出几点供青少年朋友，特别是记忆力较差的同学对照、参考，并矫正不良习惯。

　　②气候温度对学习有密切关系。科学实验表明，当气温在20℃左右，是记忆力最佳的时候，因此在春秋两季要抓紧学习，充分利用这个季节温度。在冬天寒冷季节，当温度低于10℃时，尽管大脑清醒，但解决问题的能力降低。到夏天炎热酷暑，尤其在温度超过35℃时，大脑能量消耗骤增，引起疲倦乏力，情绪有烦躁，俗称火气大。

　　③人的呼吸主要利用的是氧气，我们的脑子几乎要占用20%左右，是用氧的大户。如果大脑供氧不足，大脑的代谢能力下降，记忆功能就明显下降。因此，要求学生每天参加体育活动，经常在空气清新的场所做深呼吸操。

　　④光线也会影响脑功能，过暗的地方既影响视力又影响脑功能，而且，在过强的光线下，脑细胞受到刺激会感到疲劳，脑功能会明显下降。课间休息，最好到室外远望天空或树木，不仅保护视力，还会使头脑清醒。少看深红和深黄，以免使大脑疲劳。

　　⑤人们常用听音乐来休息，解除学习疲劳，这是有一定道理的，__________音响不宜超过60分贝，__________噪音会使头脑发晕，降低用脑的功能，__________不提倡随身听。

　　⑥我们的大脑是十分复杂、十分精密的，除了需要充足的氧气外，还要各种营养的供应，才能保障思维敏捷，记忆力良好。有助于提高记忆力的食物很多，其中如胡萝卜能加快大脑的新陈代谢作用，因此能提高记忆力。

　　⑦菠萝含有微量元素锰，有助于提高记忆力，因此是音乐家、表演艺术家最爱吃的水果；鱼虾能增进大脑智力成长和精力集中；其他如生姜能使人的思路开阔，因为它含姜辣素和挥发油，可使血液得到稀释，流动更加畅通，于是氧的大脑供应更多；洋葱也有生姜的同样作用，而核桃则是健脑益智的补品，和桂圆一样，被人们称为“使人聪明的食物”，有条件的话，不妨经常少量食用。

　　⑧在蔬菜中，以芹菜为代表，是有助于激发大脑创造性的食物。有人认为辣椒辛辣，能刺激人体内的某些激素，使人聪明起来，因此，少量吃些辣椒也是有益的。

　　⑨如果选的是水果，则建议选草莓和香蕉，因为草莓能消除人的紧张情绪，果胶能使人产生舒适感，而香蕉又是健脑食晶并且含有多种维生素和钾。

　　⑩除环境、营养因素外，疾病也是影响脑功能的原因，例如贫血、脑内疾病等，尤其是慢性萎缩性鼻炎，鼻中隔肥大，慢性火症使鼻内阻塞，常使脑功能和记忆力减退等。因此发现以上疾病，要及时到医院医治。

1．影响我们智力的因素有哪些？

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2．文中⑧⑨段说明的内容是什么？

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3．说说文中画线语句的说明方法及表达作用。

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4．填写适当的关联词语。

人们常用听音乐来休息，解除学习疲劳，这是有一定道理的，__________音响不宜超过60分贝，__________噪音会使头脑发晕，降低用脑的功能，__________不提倡随身听。

5．第③段加粗字“明显”能否去掉？为什么？

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6．环境对于人的成长有着极其重要的作用，你能写出一句俗语或与此有关的一个典故吗？并讲明你的观点。

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B

Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of injuries to runners.

One study involved sixty-eight healthy young women and men who ran at least twenty-four kilometers a week. The runners were observed on a treadmill machine. Sometimes they wore running shoes. Other times they ran barefoot.

Researchers from the JKM Technologies Company in Virginia, the University of Virginia and the University of Colorado did the study.

They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees, hips and ankle joints than running barefoot. They observed that the effect was even greater than the effect reported earlier for walking in high heels.

The study appeared in the official scientific journal of the American Academy of Physical Medicine.

The other study appeared in the journal Nature. It compared runners in the United States and Kenya. The researchers were from Harvard University in Massachusetts, Moi University in Kenya and the University of Glasgow in Scotland.

They divided the runners into three groups. One group had always run shoeless. Another group had always run with shoes. And the third group had changed to shoeless running.

Runners who wear shoes usually come down heel first. That puts great force on the back of the foot. But the study found that barefoot runners generally land on the front or middle of their foot. That way they ease into their landing and avoid striking their heel.

Harvard’s Daniel Lieberman led the study. He says the way most running shoes are designed may explain why those who wear them land on their heels. The heel of the shoe is bigger and heavier than other parts of the shoe, so it would seem more likely to come

down first. Also, the heel generally has thick material under it to soften landings.

60. How many organizations are involved in the two studies?

A. Three.                          B. Four.                      C. Five.                      D. Six.

61. What can we learn from the text?

A. Most running shoes are designed improperly.

B. The design of high heels is better than that of running shoes.

C. No one will run with running shoes in the future.

D. Both of the studies are done in America.

62. Why do running shoes increase the risk of injuries to runners?

A. They could create stress. 

B. They’re too big and heavy.

C. They can affect the way the runners land.   

D. Their heels can soften landings.

63. How did the researchers do the two studies?

A. By practising.         B. By comparing.      C. By questioning.     D. By reasoning.