Last night’s meteor(流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.

“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment. ”

Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—-have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.

There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers. ”

Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase person’s chances of getting cancer.

Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff,Arizona,has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.

小题1: What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?

A．Birds may take other migration paths

B．Animals’ living habits may change suddenly

C．Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced

D．Animals’ survival is threatened by outdoor lighting小题2:Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to

A．Lessen the chance of getting cancer

B．create an ideal observation condition

C．ensure citizens a good sleep at night

D．enable all creatures to live in harmony小题3: What message does the author most want to give us?

A．Saving wildlife is saving ourselves

B．Great efforts should be made to save energy

C．Human activities should be environmentally friendly

D．New equipment should be introduced for space study

（12分）

材料一 早在资本主义原始积累时期，英国就出现了“济贫法”之类的福利措施。但是到第二次世界大战结束之前，西方国家的福利制度大都带有济贫性质，而且项目很少，范围窄，费用有限。而当代意义上的福利制度是在二战后建立并不断完善起来的，完善了包括社会保险、社会保障、社会救济、社会补助等内容。这一制度为什么在二战后广泛流行呢？马克思曾做出过这样的论述，即“一切真正的危机的最根本原因，总不外乎群众的贫困和他们有限的消费，资本主义生产却不顾这种情况而力图发展生产力，好像只有社会的相对消费能力才是生产力发展的界限” 。1929—1933年严重的经济危机以及二战的破坏使得自由主义丧失了在历史舞台上存在的必要。面对受到严重创伤、急需调整和恢复的经济局势，凯恩斯主义诞生了。在它的指导下，国家对经济的干预明显加强，社会矛盾得到缓和，经济得到恢复和发展。特别是50——70年代资本主义发展的黄金时期取得的经济发展的累累硕果。

材料二 二战后资本主义国家社会福利制度得到了很大发展，其作用显而易见。第一，它的实施缩小了贫富差距。第二，社会福利满足了多数人的最低经济需求，保障了公民的生存权，也为公民的发展权打好了基础。“从摇篮到坟墓”的社会福利制度增强了社会中下阶层对失业、疾病等风险的抵御能力。第三，政府通过调个社会福利措施来刺激或抑制内需，从而达到调控经济的目的。此外，国家还围绕着社会保障制度建立了一的庞大的服务体系，促进了第三产业的发展，创造了一大批就业机会，缓和了社会矛盾。这样，我们得出来一个结论，“社会福利制度说成是消灭剥削和贫困，导致社会普遍福利，导致阶级同化的“收入革命”。       　

——据《当代资本主义新变化》《福利国家制度产生的时代背景及其实质》整理

请回答：

（1）根据材料一归纳资本主义国家的社会福利盛行的原因。（4分）

（2）评价材料二观点。（8分）