问题 问答题 简答题

简述肾小球肾炎的类型和病理变化。

答案

参考答案:

肾小球肾炎:是指肾小球炎症为主的肾炎,它先发生于肾小球,然后波及肾小囊,最后到肾小管和间质。根据肾小球肾炎的病变特点,一般将肾小球肾炎分为急性肾小球肾炎,新月型肾小球肾炎,膜性增生性肾小球肾炎和慢性肾小球肾炎。

急性肾小球肾炎——水肿、肾区疼痛、蛋白尿、血尿、管型尿。眼观:肾肿大表面及切面呈红色,故称“大红肾”。切面皮质增宽,出现针尖大小的灰红色小点。

镜检:肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞、系膜细胞肿胀增生,肾小囊腔中可见白细胞、红细胞、浆液和纤维素。

亚急性肾小球肾炎——眼观:肾肿大,色泽苍白或灰黄,故称“大白肾”,切面皮髓间隙清楚。

镜检:肾小管细胞变性坏死亡,血管球相继纤维化,球囊壁层细胞增生,形成具有特征性的“环状体”或“新月体”。

慢性肾小球肾炎——眼观:肾皱缩,体积缩小,凹凸不平或呈颗粒状,质硬,被膜增厚,难以剥离,切面皮质变薄,纹理不清,又称为“皱缩肾”。

镜检:肾小球体积变小,纤维化或透明变性,球囊壁结缔组织增生而变厚,肾小管闭塞,结缔组织增生。

膜性增生性肾小球肾炎——眼观:早期病变不明显,晚期体积缩小、表面呈细颗粒状。后期亦发生纤维化。

镜检:肾小球肥大,呈分叶状,系膜细胞增生,系膜区增宽。

选择题
阅读理解

I was loading (装载) my truck to go to the market when I hurt my left eye. The pain was like a hot sword(剑) being shoved through my head. I fell down on my hands and knees, and I knew it was bad.

I was taken to the Erlanger Hospital in Chattanooga, and the doctors operated on me several times but couldn’t save my left eye. When they told me the news, I wanted to die.

Even after I got my fake(假的) eye, I couldn’t shake the sadness. To make matters worse, I lost my job as a transportation officer because of my lost eye. But one morning, I woke up and the TV was on, and there was a 16-year-old girl who had been badly burned on her face and legs. Her situation was much worse than mine. She wore a big smile and seemed to look right at me and said, “You can’t ever give up.” At that moment, I thought, “This is just an eye. Get over it.” And I did.

It’s been almost 12 years since my accident, and there’s nothing I can’t do now that I used to do. And although I didn’t get my old job back, I got my license again.

I read a story once. In that story, a man was feeling bad because he had no shoes until he met a man who had no feet. No matter how terrible your problem is, remember there’s always someone somewhere who’s worse off. So cheer up and smile at life!

小题1:Because of the accident, the writer _______.

A.lost both of his hands.

B.lost one of his eyes

C.was paid a lot of money

D.knew he was not a good driver小题2:According to Paragraph 2, when the writer heard the bad news, _______.

A.he decided to refuse the fake eye

B.he accepted the fact immediately

C.he decided to live a happier life

D.he felt extremely sad小题3:What can we learn from the passage?

A.The writer got his old job back

B.The writer can’t see things clearly

C.The writer is not strong-minded

D.The writer has got over the accident小题4:By writing his story, the writer most probably wants to _______.

A.tell us his unusual experience

B.ask people to help the disabled

C.advised us to be positive(积极乐观的) about life

D.tell us that accident can happen anytime