问题 问答题 简答题

大青龙汤证与小青龙汤证有何异同?

答案

参考答案:

大青龙汤证和小青龙汤证分别见于《伤寒论》38、39,40、41条。二者都是表里同病,但表证相同而里证不同,其临床表现、病机及治法用药有同有异。兹辨析如下:

大青龙汤证是表寒里热。多见于平素阳旺里热之体、复感风寒;或由伤寒表实当汗失汗,寒束阳郁化热所致。临床除见“脉浮紧,发热恶寒,身疼痛,不汗出”等伤寒表实证外,尚伴有烦躁、口渴、尿黄等里热见症。治以大青龙汤发汗解表、清解里热。此方是在麻黄汤的基础上,加石膏、生姜、大枣而成。因其风寒外束、卫阳遏闭较重,故倍用麻黄、配桂枝、生姜辛温发汗、开腠理而散风寒;石膏辛甘大寒,清热除烦,此属解表清里之剂。

小青龙汤证是表里皆寒。多见于平素寒饮伏留之体、复感风寒,新感引动伏饮而表里同病者。临床除见“脉浮紧,发热恶寒,身疼痛,不汗出”等伤寒表实证外,尚伴有气喘胸闷、咳嗽痰多稀白、口淡不渴、小便清长等里寒饮邪犯肺见症。小青龙汤是在麻黄汤的基础上,加细辛、干姜、半夏、五味子、芍药等而成。方中麻黄、桂枝、细辛辛温发汗,解表散风寒,细辛、干姜、半夏、五味子温肺化饮、平喘止咳。此属解表温里之剂。

大、小青龙汤证皆为伤寒表实兼里证;风寒束表,卫阳被遏,营阴郁滞,经气不利是共同病机;恶风寒发热,头身疼痛,无汗、脉浮紧等是临床共同见症。表证相同而里证各异,且各有侧重。大青龙汤证属表寒里热、即所谓“寒包火”,且表寒较重;小青龙汤证属表里皆寒、新旧同病,且里证比较突出。治疗虽同属表里双解,均以麻黄汤为基础化裁辛温解表。但前者解表清里、重用麻黄以发汗解表为主,后者解表温里,重在温肺化饮。

阅读理解

Attending a university is an important part of a person’s life. Today, many people go to a university to study and train for a future job in subjects like law, medicine, or education. But the university is not a modern invention. It has a history that is over a thousand years old.

The world’s oldest university, Al-Azhar, is in Cairo, Egypt. It was first built as a mosque in A.D. 972. A few years later, learners and teachers began meeting in the mosque in “tutoring circles”. They read and talked about the subject of law. Around 988, leaders in the city of Cairo decided to create a school for higher learning and the University of Al-Azhar was founded.

At Al-Azhar, there were many university ‘firsts.’ Courses were created. The earliest ones taught at Al-Azhar were in law and religion. In a course, students read and studied with the teacher, but there was also free discussion. Often, students and teachers talked about a topic, and there was no ‘right’ answer. Finally, scholars from around the world came to Al-Azhar to teach and do research. At the university, people studied the past, but it was also a place for sharing new ideas.

Over a thousand years later, Al-Azhar is still an important university in the world. Its library contains more than 250,000 of the world’s oldest and most valuable books. Today, many of the world’s most important universities such as Oxford and Harvard still follow the traditions started at Al-Azhar.

小题1:What’s this passage mainly about?

A.The history of the world’s oldest university.

B.The importance of attending a university.

C.The relationship between university and future job.

D.The invention of a modern university.小题2: The first university was founded over _____ years ago.

A.a hundrend

B.hundreds of

C.a thousand

D.thousands of小题3:The oldest university in the world is _____.

A.Oxford

B.Cambridge

C.Harvard

D.Al-Azhar小题4: What does the underlined word “course” mean in this passage?

A. A series of lessons.                                    C. A period of time.

C. A series of actions.                                    D. A group of professors.

小题5:What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?

A.How many books are in the Al-Azhar’s library.

B.How valuable the Al-Azhar’s books are.

C.Why Oxford and Harvard still follow Al-Azhar’s pattern.

D.How Al-Azhar still holds an important role in the world.

判断题