问题 简答题

秦汉时期开始形成的中央集权制对中国政治形成了长久影响。据此回答:

(1)秦朝管理地方的行政制度是什么?该制度建立的最大意义是什么?(4分)

(2)秦朝为加强对思想文化的控制,采取了什么措施?(2分)

(3)秦朝负责中央和地方监察的官员各是什么?西汉为加强对地方的监察,采取了什么措施?(4分)

(4)秦朝有一种为皇帝裁决提供依据,减少决策失误的大臣参政议政的制度是什么?汉武帝时期,由其亲信近臣构成的实际决策结构是什么?(4分)

(5)元世祖忽必烈对地方管理的贡献是什么?(2分)

(6)中国古代专制主义中央集权制度的演变过程中呈现的演变趋势是什么?(4分)

答案

(1)郡县制。(2分)是中央集权制形成过程中的重要环节,也是官僚政治取代贵族政治的重要标志。(2分)

(2)颁布“焚书令”(或“焚书坑儒”)、“挟书律。” (2分)

(3)御史大夫;监御史;刺史制度。(4分)

(4)“朝议”制度;“中朝”(或“内朝”)(4分)

(5)行省制度(2分)

(6)皇权加强,相权削弱;中央权利加强,地方势力削弱。(4分)

题目分析:

(1)本问考查秦朝的地方行政制度。秦始皇统一后,在地方上废除了分封制,推行郡县制。郡县的长官都由皇帝直接任免,大大加强了中央对地方的控制。

(2)为了加强思想控制,秦始皇采纳李斯的建议,颁布“焚书令”,把法家以外的诸子百家书籍全部烧毁,并坑杀儒生四百多人。这些措施钳制了思想,摧残了文化。

(3)秦朝在中央设丞相、御史大夫和太尉等官职,其中御史大夫执掌群臣奏章,负责监察百官;地方上设监御史监察地方官员。西汉时期设刺史一职。“刺”,即检核问事之意。汉初,文帝以御史多失职,命丞相另派人员出刺各地,不常置。汉武帝元封五年(前106)始置,刺史巡行郡县,分全国为十三部(州),各置部刺史一人,后通称刺史,主要职责是监察地方官吏。

(4)秦朝对于军政大事的决策,一般先由丞相、御史大夫和诸卿进行朝议。汉武帝时期为了为了加强皇权,重用身边的侍从、秘书等人,任尚书令、侍中,参与军国大事,以削弱相权,形成“中外朝”制度。

(5)元世祖忽必烈在地方上推行行省制度。中央设中书省,地方上设行中书省。行省制度便利了中央对地方的管理,加强了中央集权,巩固了多民族国家的统一。它的创立,是中国古代地方行政制度的重大变革,是中国省制的开端。

(6)中国古代封建社会专制主义中央集权制度的演变过程中,主要存在着两对矛盾:皇权与相权、中央和地方的矛盾。其演变趋势是:相权不断削落,皇权不断加强;地方权力不断削落,中央的权力不断加强。

点评:中国古代政治文明专题是高考的重点。以古代中央集权制度的发展演变为主线,涉及分封制和宗法制,秦朝皇帝制度的创立和郡县制的推广,从汉至元政治制度演变的特点,明朝废丞相、设内阁及清朝设立军机处等核心,中央官制和地方行政制度的演变。从命题看,着眼于古代政治制度发展演变过程中历史事件的背景、特征、影响等,并和当今政府机构改革、推进民主化进程及世界史相联系,是高考命题的主要方式。

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Part 3


Questions 19-25


·Read the following passage and answer questions 19-25.
·For questions 19-25, choose the correct answer from A, B, C and D.
·Markyour answers on the Answer Sheet.
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for the most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern way; that they are possessive and dominant; that they don’t trust their children to deal with the crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems — and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships.
I think it is true that parent often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.
Young people often irritate their parent with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture of society of their own. Then, it turns out that their music and entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents. This gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and they are leaders in style and taste.
Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you don’t want your parents to approve what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that cases, you are assuming that you are an underdog: you can’t win but at least you can keep your honor. There is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you are completely under your patents’ control. But it ignores the face that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.
If you plan to control your life, cooperation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress your parents with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.

According to the author in what way teenagers can be given authority to do what they want to do

A.Wear special clothes.

B.Create a culture and society of their own.

C.Impress others with their sense of responsibility and initiative.

D.Not under the parents’ control.