问题 综合题

随着人类社会的不断发展,政治制度也在不断演进。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一 秦灭六国后,赢政自称皇帝。他说:“朕为始皇帝,后世以计数,二世、三世至于万世,传之无穷。”

(1)根据材料一,指出赢政创立的政治制度,并概述这一制度的主要特征。(3分)

材料二 在民主制中,没有专门的领导阶层;领袖人物取决于人民的喜好,因此,他们的行动在于维护他们自己的名誉和地位。默许人民的要求,以及把政治策略建立在可“销售”的东西之上,这就使政治领导能力受到了削弱。对于种种慎重的判断、艰难的决定、令人不悦的选择,以及使人难堪的事实,人民一定会尽力回避。民主使智慧边际化。……

除非哲学家成为我们这些国家的国王,或者那些我们现在称之为国王和统治者的人能够用严肃认真的态度去研究哲学,使政治权力与哲学理智结合起来,而把那些现在只搞政治而不研究哲学或者只研究哲学而不搞政治的碌碌无为之辈排斥出去,否则……我们的国家就永远不会得到安宁,全人类也不能免于灾雄。

——《柏拉图全集》

(2)材料二中,柏拉图对古希腊的民主制持何种看法?他认为克服这些缺陷的有效手段是什么?(7分)

材料三:东汉后期和唐朝前期黄河流域、长江流域县城数量表(单位:座)

时间

区域

东汉后期唐朝前期
黄河流域765669
长江流域342611
(3)概述上表反映的县城数量及分布的变化,阐释导致变化的历史原因。(8分)

材料四 辛亥革命的悲惨结果可由以下因素来解释:组成官僚的知识分子,专心于儒家经典。……中国几乎没有借用国外东西的传统。尽管19世纪后半叶中国的确发生了变化,但其变化的速度远远落后于对西方作出反应的其他国家。部分人试图在中国建立从美国观察到的制度,由于他们建立的制度显然对中国人民毫无意义,因此它们很快就在中国的政治现实面前土崩瓦解。

——斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

(4)据材料四,指出辛亥革命失败的原因。(4分)“革命派建立的制度显然对中国人民毫无意义”,你是否同意这一观点,并说明理由。(4分)

答案

(1)制度:皇帝制度。(1分)

主要特征:皇位世袭、皇权至上。(2分)

(2)看法:柏拉图认为希腊的民主政治使领袖的政治领导能力受到了限制;民主使智慧边缘化。(4分)

手段:柏拉图认为,应该将政治权力和哲学理智相结合,由具有智慧和美德的哲学家治理国家。(3分)

(3)变化:从东汉后期至唐朝前期,黄河流域和长江流域县城数量总体有所增加;东汉后期,县城主要集中在黄河流域,长江流域数量较少;唐朝前期与东汉后期相比,黄河流域县城数量减少,长江流域数量增加。(答对1点2分,2点3分,3点4分)

原因:①这一时期,北方战乱频仍,人口大量南迁,黄河流域县城数量减少。

②人口南迁加速了南方的开发,使南北经济差距缩小,经济重心逐渐南移,南方县城数量增加。

③隋唐时期,社会安定,经济繁荣,县城总体数量增加。(答对1点2分,2点3分,3点4分)

(4)原因:儒家传统文化的影响;向西方学习的进程缓慢;照搬西方体制。(4分)

(评分说明:每个要点2分,任答出2点即可得4分)

观点:同意。理由:共和体制有名无实;人民没有获得真正的民主权利;没有改变中国的社会性质。(4分)

(评分说明:只答观点不得分,理由任答2个4分;不表明观点,只答理由不得分。)

观点:不同意。理由:结束了封建帝制;建立了中华民国;颁布了《临时约法》;民主共和观念深入人心。(4分)

(评分说明:只答观点不得分,理由任答2个4分;不表明观点,只答理由不得分。)

题目分析:(1)此题较为容易,主要考查的是专制主义中央集权制度中的皇帝制度的特点,皇帝制度的特点主要从两个方面进行分析,一个是权力的至高无上,另一个是家天下的王位继承制度。(2)本题考查了柏拉图对古希腊民主制的看法及其理想国的主张。第一小问从材料第一段“使政治领导能力受到了削弱”“民主使智慧边际化”概括;第二小问从材料第二段哲学王的思想来概括。(3)本题考查对材料信息的获取、理解和所学知识的运用能力。根据表中数据不难看出数量和分布变化,注意归结是要从总的变化趋势和局部的变化两个方面归结。原因主要从社会状况、经济发展、经济重心南移等方面归结。(4)辛亥革命失败的原因的考虑要从中国的阶级基础、资本主义经济发展的程度、传统思想和向西方学习的深度等角度进行分析。辛亥革命后建立的制度对中国的影响,可以结合自己的理解进行分析,注意论据要充分,观点明确。

阅读理解

阅读短文,选择正确答案。

      These days, most people in Britain and the US do not wear formal (正式的) clothes. But sometimes it is

important to wear the right thing. Many British people don't think about clothes very much. When they go out to

enjoy themselves, they can wear almost anything. At theatres (剧院), cinemas and concerts (音乐会) you can

put on anything you like: from beautiful suits and dresses to jeans and sweaters. Anything goes, as long as you

look clean and tidy. But in Britain, as well as in the US, men in offices usually wear suits and ties and women

wear dresses or skirts (not trousers). Doctors and business people always wear quite formal clothes. And in

some hotels and restaurants men have to wear ties and women have to wear tidy dresses. 

      In many ways, Americans are less formal than British people, but they are more careful with their clothes.

At home, or on holiday, most Americans wear informal (非正式的) or sports clothes. But when they go out in

the evening, they like to look nice. In good hotels and restaurants, men have to wear jackets and ties, and women

have to wear pretty clothes. 

      It is difficult to say exactly (确切地) what people wear in Britain and the US, because everyone is different.

If you are not sure what to wear, watch what other people do and then do the same. You'll feel good if you

don't look too different from everyone else.

1. The best title (题目) for this passage (文章) would be _______. [ ]

A. What British and American people wear nowadays (现在) 

B. Office manners (习俗) in Britain and the US 

C. Differences between British and American business men 

D. No trousers for office ladies

2. People in Britain and the US wear informal clothes when they _______. [ ]

A. go out to enjoy themselves

B. are in offices 

C. are in big restaurants

D. go out to work

3. At concerts British business people wear _______. [ ]

A. sweaters

B. anything they like 

C. suits and ties

D. clothes like players

4. Which of the following is True according to the passage? [ ]

A. Women are usually not allowed (允许) to wear trousers in offices. 

B. Lawyers (律师) always wear formal clothes even though (即使) they are at home. 

C. British people are more careful with their clothes than American people. 

D. Though everyone is different, they wear the same clothes in offices.

5. Women in Britain and the US have to wear tidy (整洁的) dresses EXCEPT _______. [ ]

A. when they are having dinner in some top restaurants 

B. when they are in offices 

C. when they are attending (参加) a party in a nice hotel 

D. when they are meeting friends at home

单项选择题