本事强不过“人事”。

社会上的不公平竞争首先表现在人事竞争上。

政府部门选拔工作人员，一般由用人单位提出人选，组织人事部门参与考核。但现实中存在着拉关系、逐条子、托人情、走后门现象，搞得组织部门、用人单位无法正常工作，更无法保证用人质量。其结果是不凭能力凭关系，不看本人看后台。“公平竞争、择优录用”成了一句空话。有本事的人面对着想进去一展身手的单位，只能长叹“有心报国，无法入门”而“长使英雄泪沾襟”。

社会上一句评价干部选择制度的流行话——“由少数人选人，在少数人中选人”，可谓一语中道出了“本事强不过人事”的根子。一些地方和单位把选择干部的权力集中在少数人甚至一个人手里，把领导集体的多数人和多数干部群众排斥在外；把选择干部的对象局限在一个很小的圈子里，大量优秀人才被排斥在事业之外。这就决定了“由少数人在少数人中选人”的选择制度，其直接效果是不能保证人才的充分流人，也难以避免非人才的大量流入。有一段时期，领导干部都津津乐道。“伯乐相马经”，以伯乐自居。实际上，居于少数人的领域，很多时候用传统的“相马”方法，对人的了解凭感觉，靠“直观”，带有浓厚的主观色彩，缺乏民意的科学分析，因而使选人用人缺少真实的群众基础，有很大的盲目性。同时，也产生出许多任人惟亲的现象。拉关系、走后门者有之，行贿受贿者有之。那些蝇营狗苟、拉帮结派、攀龙附凤者对“本事”不屑一顾，乃至没有那份心思去操练本事，而费尽心机去纺织“人事”（关系）。因为“本事”与取得的“效益”已不成比例，乃至不成正比了，而“人事”与“效益”则是成正比乃至成几何级数的正比。热衷于、熟稔于“人事”的“能人”得到广各种好处，如官位的晋升、利益的获得；而一些不热衷、或不擅长钻营“人事”的人，一些一门心思干点事、增长点“本事“的人反而得不到各种好处，且时时处处呕气。长此以往，遂形成风气，形成时尚，使长于“人事”者或热衷于“人事”者趋之若骛；使长于“本事”者、实心实意干点事的人灰心丧气，且日益减少。

问题：

（1）案例中反映了目前人事行政中存在哪些主要问题？

（2）本事强不过“人事”，违背了人事行政用人的什么原则？你认为怎样才能避免这种现象？

A Recent Erymology of the Word "Culture"“文化”一词的新词源
Look in an old dictionary—say, a pre-1960 Webster’s—and you’ll likely find a definition of culture (1) looks something like this: "1．The cultivation of soil. 2．The raising, improvement, or development of some plant, animal (2) product. " This use of the word has its roots in the ancient Latin word cultura, "cultivation" or "tending," and (3) entrance into the English language had begun by the year 1430. By the time the Webster’s definition above was (4) , another definition had begun to take precedence over the old Latin denotation; culture was coming to mean "the training, (5) , and refinement of mind, tastes, and manners" (Oxford English Dictionary). The OED traces this definition, which today we associate (6) the phrase "high culture," back as far as 1805; by the middle of the 20th century, it was (7) becoming the word’s primary definition.
However, if you try a more modem source, like the American Heritage English Dictionary, (8) find a primary definition of culture which is substantially different than either of the two given above: "The totality (9) socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. " Why such a (10) , and in such a (relatively) short period of time Well, in the past 40 years, the use of the (11) "culture" has been heavily influenced by the academic fields of sociology and cultural anthropology. These fields have gradually brought (12) was once a minor definition of culture (the last of eight definitions given in the old 1958 Webster’s quoted (13) ) into the mainstream.
It is easy to imagine how the US society which was so focused on "socially transmitted (14) patterns" in the sixties would come to need a word to describe the object of its interest. The civil (15) movement during this era brought everyone’s attention to bear on cultural differences within US society, while the Vietnam War (16) to emphasize the position of the US culture in relation to other world cultures.
Over time, these new uses (17) the word culture have eclipsed its older meanings, those associated with cultivation of the land and the production of (18) . You might say that an aspect of US culture over the past 40 years is its fascination with the (19) of culture itself—a fascination which has brought about many changes in the way we speak and the (20) of words which we commonly use.