问题 问答题 简答题

水肿概述。

答案

参考答案:

1.概念过多的体液在组织间隙积聚,导致组织肿胀,称为水肿,分为全身性水肿和局部水肿。2.全身性水肿(1)心源性水肿是右心功能衰竭的主要表现之一。特点为水肿首先出现于身体下垂部分,移动性小,水肿比较坚实,同时伴有颈静脉怒张、肝大和胸腹腔积液等右心功能衰竭的表现。(2)肾性水肿主要病因为肾小球滤过率下降所致水钠潴留或大量蛋白尿导致的低蛋症。水肿的特点是早期表现为晨起颜面和眼睑水肿,发展迅速,移动性大,同时伴有血尿和/或蛋白尿。(3)肝性水肿是肝硬化的主要临床表现之一,主要病因为门脉高压和低蛋白血症。水肿的特为由下向上发展,头面部及上肢常无水肿,同时伴有肝功异常、脾大、腹腔积液和门脉高压等临床表现。(4)营养不良性水肿主要病因为营养不良所致的低蛋白血症,其特点为水肿由下向上蔓延至全身,同时伴有消瘦和体重下降。(5)黏液性水肿常见于甲状腺功能减退,由于组织液中所含蛋白较高,表现为颜面及胫前出现非压陷性水肿。(6)特发性水肿多见于成年女性,水肿发生在身体下垂部位,主要病因为内分泌功能失调和直立体位的反应异常所致。(7)经前期紧张综合征经前期7~14天出现眼睑、踝部及手部轻度水肿,可伴 * * 胀痛及盆腔沉重感,月经后水肿消失。(8)药物性水肿服用某些药物后,如肾上腺皮质激素、雄激素、雌激素、胰岛素及甘草制剂,出现轻度水肿,与药物所致水钠潴留有关。

阅读理解
阅读理解。
     When you cough or sneeze, you'd better turn your head away from others and cover your
mouth with the full part of your hand. And then, you should say, "Excuse me". This seems so
simple, but it is surprising how many kids have never been told to do this. Actually, I notice
adults all the time who cough and sneeze in public without placing a hand over the mouth. One
important thing I point out to the kids is that after they sneeze or cough on their hands, they
should
wash their hands as soon as possible. If not, they will be passing those germs (细菌) along to everything and
everyone they touch.
    If you come to a door and someone is following you, hold the door. If the door opens
by pulling, pull it open, stand to the side, and allow the other person to pass through first,
then you can walk through. If the door opens by pushing, hold the door after you pass
through.
     After a few weeks of seeing kids try to get through doors in the school and watching them enter restaurants
as the door hit other people, I knew I had to discuss the problem with my students. Teaching them small acts of
kindness, such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open, may seem unimportant, but it
can go a long way toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others. Once they've been told,
they're halfway there.
When we have to go up moving stairs, we will stand to the right. That will give others who
are in a hurry a choice of walking up the left-hand side of the moving stairs. When we are
going to enter a lift, the underground, or a doorway, we will wait for others to exit before
we enter.
     After college when I moved to London, I was surprised at how polite everyone was in the subways. I was
even more touched when I traveled to Japan. In both places, people made effort to make way for others. On
moving stairs, everyone stood to the right and walked to the left. On lifts, everyone would stand over to the side
and allow others to exit before they would begin to enter.
1. When you cough or sneeze, you should _____.
A. touch everything
B. cover your mouth
C. point out to the kids
D. pass the germs to others
2. If you come to a door and someone is following you, you'd better _____.
A. hold the door
B. pass through
C. close the door
D. stand to the side
3. From the passage we can know the writer is a _____.
A. doctor
B. traveler
C. parent
D. teacher
4. The passage is mainly about _____.
A. the rules of behaviour in public
B. the ways of communication
C. the acts of kindness among people
D. the knowledge of social life
多项选择题