问题 问答题 简答题

简述胃粘膜屏障损害的原因及机制。

答案

参考答案:

正常情况下,胃粘膜屏障的保护机制与各种损害因子之间保持着一种平衡。当损害因子过强和/或保护机制减弱时,将引起粘膜损害而形成溃疡。损害胃粘膜屏障的因素包括内因和外因。

损害胃粘膜屏障内因(如应激因素)作用于胃粘膜,可引起血循环障碍和组织缺氧,无氧代谢增强、酸性代谢产物堆积,使细胞膜的通透性增加,导致氢离子反向扩散增加。胃粘膜供血不足,使细胞抵御和消除氢离子的能力减弱,更易造成胃粘膜屏障损害。另外,胃酸和胃蛋白酶的异常增高可直接损害粘膜屏障。

损害胃粘膜屏障外因包括某些食物和许多药物,如阿司匹林等非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药糖皮质激素、抗凝剂、某些抗菌类、抗代谢抗癌药、强心苷、乙醇、尿素、溶血卵磷脂、高渗盐溶液及高渗糖溶液、乙酰唑胺和反流的胆汁等。

近年来研究发现生物因素如幽门螺杆菌感染亦是导致损伤的因子。上述这些外因可直接或间接地对胃粘膜屏障造成损伤。

连线题
阅读理解

A student is learning to speak British English. He wonders (想知道): Can I communicate with Americans? Can they understand me? Learners of English often ask: What are the differences between British and American English? How important are these differences?

Certainly! there are some differences between British and American English. ‘There are a few differences in grammar. For example, speakers of British English say “in hospital” and “Have you a pen?” Americans say “in the hospital!” and “Do you have a pen?”. Pronunciation is sometimes different. Americans usually sound theirs in words like “bird” and “hurt”. Speakers of British English do not sound theirs in these words. There are differences between British and American English in spelling and vocabulary. For example, “colour” and “honour” are British, “color” and honor” are American.

These differences in grammar, pronunciation, spelling and vocabulary are not important, however. For the most part, British and American English are the same language.

小题1:According to this passage, a student who is learning to speak American English might be afraid that_______.

A.British people cannot understand him

B.American people cannot understand him

C.the grammar is too hard for him

D.the spelling is too hard for him小题2:American English and British English are different in ________.

A.spelling

B.pronunciation

C.grammar

D.all of the above小题3:What is not mentioned (提及) in the passage?

A.Whether there are differences between British English and American English.

B.Whether British English and American English are one language or two.

C.How the differences between British English and American English came about.

D.How important the differences are.小题4:Most ________ say “Do you have a watch?”

A.British people

B.Americans

C.children

D.teachers小题5:According to this passage, British people and Americans have _________ difficulty in understanding each other.

A.little

B.much

C.some

D.great