问题 问答题 简答题

试述截肢术的手术指征。

答案

参考答案:

截肢术的手术指征:

(1)无法修补的血管损伤,且伴有广泛的软组织碾挫伤。

(2)急性血栓,肢体远端已有明显坏死。

(3)不能治疗的残废,尤其是伴有神经或血循环障碍者。

(4)不能控制且危及生命的急性感染.如气性坏疽、化脓性关节炎、破伤风等。

(5)长期存在的慢性骨髓炎反复急性发作,不仅严重影响该肢体的机能,且影响全身情况,而又无法根治者。

(6)破坏广泛有严重影响的踝关节结核,且影响全身健康,而又无法根治者。

(7)严重影响机能的肢体良性肿瘤,如行局部切除则造成不可弥补的缺损和无法代偿的机能障碍者。

(8)肢体恶性肿瘤不宜行局部切除,而无远处转移者。

(9)肢体恶性肿瘤,虽有远处转移,但局部肿瘤庞大有菜花状溃疡,疼痛严重,病人极度痛苦。

(10)经治和未治的脊膜膨出,有严重神经障碍,肢体变形和广而深的营养性溃疡。

(11)肢体先天性变形,如肢体发育不全,长度缩短多而无法改进者。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Alaskan black bears hibernate for up to seven months a year, during which time they do not eat or drink,

before waking up in virtually the same physical state they fell asleep in.

     Now experts hope to develop methods of putting humans into a similar state which could help astronauts

survive long missions and lead to new ways of treating severely ill patients.

     While many studies have examined hibernation in mice and hedgehogs, little research has been done into

the same condition in larger mammals such as bears.

     But new research conducted at the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska monitored the

animals' body temperature, heart rate and muscle movements while they slept.

     The research results showed that during a five-month hibernation the bears' body temperatures varied

between 30~C and 36℃ in cycles that lasted between two and seven days-a pattern that was previously

unknown in hibernating animals.

     The research project leader said, "If our research could help by showing how to reduce metabolic (新陈

代谢的) rates and oxygen demands in human tissues, one could possibly save severely ill patients. We simply

need to know how to turn things on and off to take advantage of the different levels of hibernations."

     Craig Heller, of Stanford University, who contributed to the study, added, "There has always been a thought

that, if there is ever long-distance space travel, it would be good to be able to put people into a state of lower

metabolism or a state of hibernation. That's almost science fiction but you can see the logical basis."

1. We know from the text that _____.

A. during winter Alaskan black bears sleep for more than half a year

B. researchers have examined hibernation in humans

C. experts have got no results from their research

D. Craig Heller is a leader from the Institute of Arctic Biology

2. The best topic of the text should be _____.

A. The Latest Research Results

B. New Methods of Putting Humans into Hibernation

C. Alaskan Black Bears Hibernate

D. Astronauts Could Hibernate Like Bears

3. According to the text, we can infer that _____.

A. many studies have examined hibernation in mice and bears as well

B. humans' body temperatures vary between 30℃ and 36℃ while they sleep

C. research into hibernation in animals may help deadly patients stay longer

D. scientists have already take advantage of the different levels of hibernation in space missions

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