问题 单项选择题

全科医疗是以下哪种医疗服务()。

A.社区服务

B.社区福利

C.社区定向

D.社区康复

E.以上都是

答案

参考答案:C

填空题

[A] Assumed inhospitableness to social development

[B] Price paid for misconceptions

[C] Evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology

[D] False beliefs revised

[E] Extreme impoverishment and backwardness

[F] Ignorance of early human impact

[G] Popular view on residents

In 1942 Alan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The researcher described the primitive society as a desperate struggle for survival, a view of Amazonia being fundamentally reconsidered today.

The Siriono, Hohnberg wrote, led a " strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriuno " may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives".

Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology,, living proof that Amazonia could not--and can’t sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborale cullures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned lo decay in the uncompromising tropical environment.

The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years fiom anthropology and archaeology indicated that the region has supported a series of local/indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies—some with populations perhaps as large as 10000—thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival Europeans. Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people de eloped technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure.

The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida eeologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer sensible. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants.

The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued on a large scale over vast areas.

The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Ainazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offer hope for the tuture.

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单项选择题

我们的衣食住行,无一不与气候息息相关。就居住来说,建造房屋必须要考虑气候的影响。从人类发展史来看,建造房屋的目的就是用房屋营造一个保护性的、舒适的小气候坏境,适合人类的生活与工作。所以,房屋的结构首先必须适应当地的气候特点,使之便于利用有利的气候条件,避免不利的影响。
中国房屋一般坐北朝南,这样,向南的房屋在冬季可以多接收阳光,而且可以充分利用夏季多南风的有利条件;房屋北面窗户少,可减少冬季寒冷北风对室内的影响。建筑物所选用的材料也因气候而异,不同的气候条件需要不同的材料,特定的材料也只能产生于某种气候环境中。如中国北方多采用木料建房,而南方多用竹料,生活在北极圈的爱斯基摩人则利用冰雪建造房屋。建筑物的建构也随气候而不同。中国南方的房屋一般高大,便于通风、散热、散湿,适合南方的闷热气候;北方的房屋一般低矮,利于保温,适合北方的寒冷气候。
中国地域辽阔,气候多样,人们在长期适应气候的过程中发展出具有地方风格的各种住房,比如傣族的吊脚楼、海南岛的石头房、黄土高原上的窑洞、青藏高原上的庄巢住宅等等,这些风格独特的房屋在材料、外形、结构等方面都存在很大的差异,都适合当地的气候条件。这些房屋不仅给人们带来了舒适,而且还成为各地民俗风情的重要组成部分。

本文主要谈论的是:

A.中国房屋的特点

B.中国房屋的种类

C.房屋与朝向的关系

D.房屋与气候的关系