问题 问答题

“发号施令”的“令”是指什么?

答案

参考答案:

《尚书·囧命》有“发号施令”。《说文解字》曰:“令,发号也”。令是君主专制时代由皇帝根据时事需要随时在律之外发布的命令、文告,其法律效力高于律,可以变更或代替律的有关规定。秦始皇规定皇帝“令曰诏”,从此诏令连称。秦汉时,皇帝发布的法令都以诏令形式颁行。西汉令极多,涉及面广,有考核官吏的《功令》,限制刑具的《箠(chuí)令》,管理监狱的《狱令》,尊养老人的《养老令》等,以致“盈于几阁,典者不能遍睹”(《汉书·刑法志》),编为令甲、令乙、令丙,以方便官吏检索。曹魏立国以后,在律典之外制定了“令典”。晋朝进一步进行完善,律典是定罪量刑的法典,而令典是规定制度的法典。律典、令典并列的法典体系历南北朝、隋、唐、宋均未改变。明朝时,令典已不再是官府和社会各方面的制度大全,仅按朝廷六部大概规定一些最重要的制度。清朝以后不再制定令典,令仅是一般法令的泛称。

阅读理解

阅读理解

Hello Sandy, 

    We have just returned from our holiday.We went with our friends Edward Smith and hiswife Tina

to the Yorkshire Moors. This is abeautiful place. It is a natural park. There arelots of places to walk

on the tops of the hills,miles of grassland with no people, just sheepand birds.

    Edward, who had just come out ofhospital, could not walk as far as he used to.However this meant

that we walked in themornings, and then stopped at a cafe for luncheach day, before returning to the

place welived. Edward and I slept in front of the fire allafternoon, while the ladies went for anotherwalk.

Very pleasant !

    I have taken lots of photos from the placewe lived, across the valley (峡谷) below us.  ofthe morning

sunrise, and the mist in the valley.Also, in England, the old steam-powered trains(蒸汽火车)are very

popular. I have taken manyphotos of the train and from it.

    Yesterday we had the first snow of this,winter. It was very early (we usually expectsnow in January).

It rained all day, thensnowed in the evening. Today we have brightsunshine !

    Both Jenny and I are well. I don't know if Itold you, in the last e-mail, that Jenny is nowworking in a

hotel. Although she has to workhard, people there are nice and she is enjoyingthe work.

    Please write to tell us your news.

                                                                                                                        Yours, 

                                                                                                                        Victor

1. What kind of place is the Yorkshire Moors?

A. A hotel.

B. A natural park.

C. A hospital.

D. A cafe

2. When did the ladies take a walk?

A. Only in the morning.

B. Only in the afternoon.

C. Both in the morning and in the afternoon.

D. In the evening.

3. They had          snow this winter.

A. an early

B. a late

C. a usual

D. a big

4. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 3 mean?

A. The valley.

B. Travel.

C. The mist.

D. The train.

5. What do we know from this passage?

A. This is the first time Victor has written an  e-mail to Sandy.

B. Edward didn't go traveling because he had  just come out of hospital.

C. Jenny's new job in a hotel is an easy one.

D. People in England like the old steam-powered  trains very much.

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