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问题 问答题 简答题

急性乳腺炎的病因及治疗原则。

答案

参考答案：

急性乳腺炎是乳腺的急性化脓性感染，多见于产后哺乳期妇女，以初产妇多见，往往发生在产后2～4周。（1）病因：① * * 内陷和（或）乳汁淤积，便于入侵细菌的生长繁殖。② * * 皮肤破损、皲裂，细菌或婴儿口咽部感染通过哺乳途径沿淋巴管或直接侵入乳管，上行至腺小叶而感染。最常见病原体为葡萄球菌。（2）治疗原则：①一般治疗：患侧 * * 吸尽乳汁，促使乳汁通畅排出。 * * 热敷有助于早期炎症的消散。②药物治疗：针对金黄色葡萄球菌，应用青霉素、头孢菌素等抗生素。中药可选用蒲公英、野菊花等清热解毒药物。若感染严重或脓肿引流后引发乳瘘，应停止哺乳并断奶。口服己烯雌酚或肌内注射苯甲酸雌二醇，至乳汁停止分泌。③手术治疗：脓肿形成后应及时切开引流。应选择放射状切开避免损伤乳管。乳晕下脓肿应沿乳晕做弧形切口。深部脓肿或 * * 后脓肿可沿 * * 下缘做弧形切口，经 * * 后间隙引流。脓腔较大可在脓腔低位另加切口对口引流。

单项选择题

男性，25步，被热油烧伤，烧伤总面积达60%，血压10／8kPa（75／60mmHg），中心静脉压0.294kPa（3cmHO2）。表明该病人存有（）。

A.血容量不足

B.心功能不全

C.血容量相对过多

D.血容量严重不足

E.容量血管过度收缩
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填空题

It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child’s batman cape cautions that toy "does not enable user to fly".
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for instance — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sportswear in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines stating that companies need not warn customers of various dangers or bombard (轰炸) them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buries in a sea of trivialities." says a law professor at Comell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. "The information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability."
(365 words)

The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that recently some injury claims ______ .
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