应激是指（）
A.内外刺激因素
B.外界刺激和环境要求
C.对外界刺激和环境要求的反应
D.对环境不适应或适应的反应
E.对环境要求与应付能力评估后的状态
参考答案：E
解析：所谓应激是指机体在各种内外环境因素及社会、心理因素刺激时所出现的全身性非特异性适应反应，又称为应激反应。这些刺激因素称为应激原。应激是在出乎意料的紧迫与危险情况下引起的高速而高度紧张的情绪状态。应激的最直接表现即精神紧张。指各种过强的不良刺激，以及对它们的生理、心理反应的总和。应激反应指所有对生物系统导致损耗的非特异性生理、心理反应的总和。应激或应激反应是指机体在受到各种强烈因素（应激原）刺激时所出现的非特异性全身反应。
Passage Three
| Watching movie stars light up on screen may increase the odds a child or young teen will try smoking, study findings suggest. In this latest study, researchers at Dartmouth Medical School in Lebanon, New Hampshire found that the odds of a child smoking increased in tandem (一前一后，紧密相连) with the number of films with smoking scenes he or she had seen. This pattern remained regardless of other smoking risk factors such as having parents or friends who smoked, poor school performance or a self-reported "rebellious" nature. Dr. James D. Sargent and his colleagues report the findings in the December 15th issue of the British Medical Journal. In response to the findings, the British Medical Association (BMA) called on the UK film industry to "stub out" on-screen smoking. "When smoking is glamorized in movies, young people are encouraged to experiment with a lethal (致命的) habit," the BMA’s Dr. Vivienne Nathanson said in a statement. And an editorial accompanying the journal report made the same challenge to Hollywood. "It is time for the entertainment industry to accept responsibility for its actions and stop serving the interests of tobacco companies," writes Dr. Stanton A. Glantz of the University of California, San Francisco. Sargent’s team based the findings on a survey of nearly 5 000 Vermont and New Hampshire students aged 9 to 15. Students were asked whether they had seen any of 50 recent movies that the researchers had screened for the number of smoking scenes. They also answered questions about environmental risk factors for smoking, their personality traits and perceptions of their parents’ views on smoking. The investigators found that the number of smoking instances students had seen in the movies was correlated with their odds of having tried smoking. Kids who had seen 51 to 100 smoking occurrences were 70% more likely than those who had seen fewer to have smoked. And the odds were nearly three times greater among those who had seen 150-plus smoking scenes. According to the researchers, the effects of on-screen smoking were similar to those of having parent or sibling who smoked. "The results indicate that exposure to tobacco use in films is pervasive," Sargent’s team writes. "More importantly, such exposure is associated with trying smoking, which supports the hypothesis that films have a role in the initiation of smoking. " In his editorial, Glantz agrees, writing that the study "provides powerful new evidence" that smoking in movies does contribute to adolescent smoking. |
According to the researchers, ______.
A．on-screen smoking has more powerful effects on children than other environmental risk factors
B．on-screen smoking has almost the same effect on children as parents’ smoking does
C．children who have seen 150-plus smoking scenes are 70% more likely than those who have seen fewer to have smoked
D．children who have never seen any smoking instances in movies are not likely to try smoking