问题 问答题 简答题

试述小儿横纹肌肉瘤的临床表现。

答案

参考答案:

小儿横纹肌肉瘤的临床表现:

(1)头颈部横纹肌肉瘤:眼球突出、声音改变、吞咽困难、呼吸梗阻、咳嗽及外耳道有分泌物。如侵及神经则发生疼痛,出现脑症状,如发生转移则出现相应的症状。

(2)泌尿生殖系统横纹肌肉瘤:

①膀胱横纹肌肉瘤:常出现膀胱出口梗阻,偶尔伴发尿路感染、急性尿潴留或有组织碎屑从 * * 排出,血尿并不多见。体检时耻骨上肿物可被误诊为膨胀的膀胱。静脉尿路造影50%以上可见上尿路扩张,膀胱内可见不规则充盈缺损。内腔镜可见灰白色息肉样肿物,取活体病理检查可肯定诊断。在女性膀胱横纹肌肉瘤可自 * * 口脱出。

②前列腺横纹肌肉瘤:由于浸润膀胱颈部及前列腺部 * * 导致膀胱出口梗阻,如浸润直肠可致便秘。肛管指诊易触及肿瘤,耻骨上方可触及胀大的膀胱。静脉尿路造影可见膀胱底抬高,排尿性膀胱 * * 造影可见前列腺 * * 变形。

③ * * 及子宫横纹肌肉瘤:多见于6~18个月婴儿,患儿常以肿物脱出, * * 分泌物增多或出血就诊。

(3)胆道横纹肌肉瘤:初发症状有乏力、发热及黄疸,常误诊为传染性肝炎。由于进行性黄疸,右上腹疼及肿块,才诊断为梗阻性黄疸。几乎所有病例都有直接或间接胆红素增高及血清碱性磷酸酶增高。剖腹探查见胆管扩张,被葡萄状肉瘤所充满。肿瘤局部蔓延可侵及肝、胰、大网膜及附近组织。

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     Personal space affect our daily decisions, for example whether to take a train __1__ drive a car.
 Personal space can also affect communication with other __2__. For example, in some cultures that give
  low value __3__ personal space, people do not need or expect much personal space. In these cultures,
 people __4__ prefer to be physically (身体地) close to one another in their homes, at work, __5__ 
 conversations, and even when they are taking a bus. They often __6__ close together and might even
 touch each other while talking.
     In other cultures that place a high value on personal space, people need a great deal of personal space 
 __7__ comfortable. In their homes, they prefer to spend time in their "own" rooms, and at work they
 prefer their "own" __8__. Besides, they often dislike public transportation because it makes them sit close
  to other people, so __9__ would much prefer to be in the world of their "own" __10__ . In these
 cultures, people stand some distance away and rarely (not often) touch each other while talking.
( )1. A. or            
( )2. A. friends        
( )3. A. for            
( )4. A. never          
( )5. A. during        
( )6. A. walk          
( )7. A. to feel        
( )8. A. place          
( )9. A. we            
( )10. A. buses        
B. and          
B. speakers      
B. to            
B. always        
B. before        
B. stand        
B. feel          
B. rooms        
B. you          
B. cars          
C. but        
C. people    
C. about      
C. hardly    
C. after      
C. speak      
C. feels      
C. space      
C. they      
C. bikes      
  D. yet        
  D. members    
  D. in        
  D. often      
  D. from      
  D. talk      
  D. feeling    
  D. offices    
  D. people    
  D. seats      
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