问题 问答题 论述题

试述总供给曲线的三种类型及其政策含义。

答案

参考答案:

(1)古典的总供给曲线,又称为长期的总供给曲线。古典经济学家基于工资的完全伸缩性或市场的完全竞争的假定,认为经济中的就业水平并不随着价

格的变动而变动,而是总处于充分就业的状态,此时总供给曲线为一条直线。该垂直的总供给曲线表明在长期中,经济的产出主要由充分就业的劳动力数量所决定,从而独立于价格水平。政策含义是,在长期总需求管理的宏观经济政策不能增加产出和就业只能改变价格水平,凯恩斯主义的政策是无效的。

(2)凯恩斯主义的总供给曲线。基于货币工资向下刚性和货币幻觉的假定,凯恩斯主义认为,在经济实现充分就业之前,总供给曲线是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线,实现充分就业之后转为垂直线。

(3)简化的凯恩斯主义总供给曲线。西方学者往往还对上述曲线加以进一步简化,把该曲线的向右上方倾斜的部分当作一条水平线。它们的经济含义是,在未达到充分就业的国民收入之前,经济社会能以大致不变的价格提供任何数量的国民收入,而实现充分就业以后,总需求不管怎么变化,国民收入不再增长,只会出现通货膨胀。其政策含义是在短期内,经济未实现充分就业,总需求管理的宏观经济政策能提高社会的就业和产出水平,凯恩斯的政府干预经济的政策是有效的。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legendary unicorn

(独角兽). Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times. The great philosopher

Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn--- the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kind

of antelope. Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family, town council or university as their

special sign. Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn.

     According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has

a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this

magnificent beast without being hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then

to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when

its horn was stuck in the tree.

     When hollowed out and used as a drinking-cup, the unicorn's horn was said to have the power to

offer protection against person. It was believed that nobody could be harmed-by drinking the contents

of a unicorn's horn. Right up until the French Revolution in 1789, the French court was said to have used

cups made of"unicorn" horn in order to protect the king. In addition, the horn was said to have medicinal

value, so much so that it could be sold for more than ten times the price of the same weight of gold. What,

then, was "unicorn" horn? We know at times the rhino (犀牛) was confused with this legendary creature.

A drinking-cup supposedly made of"unicorn" horn was discovered to be made of the horn of a rhino.

1. Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn?

A. It was not historically recorded

B. Its horn was first used in France

C. It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx

D. It could be the symbol of a university

2. To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT ____.

A. tempting the unicorn to attack

B. making use of the tree as a protection

C. hiding quickly behind the unicorn

D. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree

3. The last paragraph is mainly about ____.

A. the properties of the unicorn horn

B. the users of the unicorn horn

C. the price of the unicorn horn

D. the comparison between the unicorn horn and the rhino horn

4. In the last paragraph, the word "unicorn" is in quotation marks (引号) because _____.

A. the cup is designed only for a royal family

B. the unicorn does not exist in reality

C. the unicorn is the rarest animal in the world

D. the medicinal value of the horn is appreciated