问题 问答题 论述题

运价的定价理论有哪几种?各有什么优缺点?

答案

参考答案:

运价的理论有三种:

(1)平均成本定价。优点是:可以保证企业回收投资和营运成本,并能获得正常利润。缺点是:一方面以平均成本作为竞争价格,违背了公平原则;另一方面,是各条线路,各个地区运输盈利畸高畸低,在多种运输方式存在的情况下,必然使运量向低成本线路集中,使这些线路运输过份紧张,而高成本的线路,则运输趋向萎缩,限制了该地区的发展。

(2)边际成本定价。优点是:采用边际成本定价,对于运能大于运量的线路可以刺激运输需求,提高运输设备利用率,为社会节省运费,帮助企业走上良性循环。对于运能不足的线路,可以限制运量的增长,缓解运力紧张的状况,迫使运量向其他线路转移,使运输布局趋向合理。缺点是:按边际成本定价,不是对所有运输消耗的补偿,只是对增加单位运量而多支付费用的补偿,若长期按此定价,必须有来自政府或投资者的补贴。

(3)完全成本定价。优点是:能真正反映经济意义上的运输成本,这将有利于资金的各种运输方式间的合理配置。缺点是:仍处于理论探讨阶段,距离实际的运用还相差一定距离。

完形填空
One day, when I was in high school, I saw a kid named Kyle from my class walking home from school with all his books, I thought to myself, __1___ would anyone bring home all his books for the weekend? He must really be    2___.”As I was walking, I saw several kids running toward him. They ran at him,   3  all his books out of his arms and he fell down in the dirt, His glasses went   4   and landed in the grass.
I ran over to him.  5  I handed him his glasses, he looked at me and said, “Hey, thanks!”
I helped him pick up his books, and asked him where he lived. As it   6    , he lived near me. We talked all the way home. Over the next four years, Kyle and I became best friends.
Kyle was the top student of our class, one of those guys that really found themselves during high school. Therefore he had the   7  to prepare a graduation speech. On the graduation day, I could see that he was   8   .So, I patted him on the back and said, “Hey, big guy, you’ll be   9  !” He looked at me and smiled.
He cleared his throat, and began. “Graduation is a time to   10   those who helped you make it through those tough years. Your parents, your teachers… but mostly your friends, I am here to tell all of you that being a friend to someone is the best   11    you can give him.”
I just looked at my friend with   12    as he told the story of the first day we met. He had planned to kill himself over the weekend and was carrying his books home. “Thankfully, nothing happened. My friend   13     me from doing the unspeakable.”
Not until that moment did I realize that you should never underestimate(低估) the   14    of your actions. With one small gesture you can   15   a person’s life. For better or for worse.
小题1:
A.How
B.When
C.Why
D.Where
小题2:
A.stupid
B.clever
C.wonderful
D.anxious
小题3:
A.throwing
B.knocking
C.taking
D.snatching
小题4:
A.lost
B.sending
C.broken
D.flying
小题5:
A.While
B.As
C.Because
D.Once
小题6:
A.passed by
B.came up
C.went on
D.turned out
小题7:
A.pride
B.honor
C.pleasure
D.chance
小题8:
A.excited
B.nervous
C.proud
D.crazy
小题9:
A.great
B.famous
C.praised
D.honored
小题10:
A.reward
B.remember
C.thank
D.congratulate
小题11:
A.chance
B.gift
C.help
D.favor
小题12:
A.wonder
B.anxiety
C.disbelief
D.pride
小题13:
A.protected
B.freed
C.warned
D.saved
小题14:
A.price
B.use
C.power
D.meaning
小题15:
A.destroy
B.change
C.save
D.understand
选择题