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马王堆帛画的主题

我国有史记载的毛笔绘画当开始于秦汉，但经过历代战乱，地面上的秦汉绘画已所存不多。考古学家们从1949年到1974年，在楚地相继发掘出十多幅帛画。其中马王堆1号、3号墓内覆盖在棺椁上的“T”型帛画形状独特，寓意深邃，艺术价值最高，是世界上最珍贵的艺术品之一，引起了许多专家对帛画之谜的解释。全国所有涉及中国最早绘画内容的教科书及近年出版的权威书籍，都断定帛画的主题思想就是“引魂升天”。对此，本人持不同见解。

汉镇墓文中有“上天苍苍，地下茫茫；死人归阴，生人归阳；生人有里，死人有乡”之语，可见天为阳，地为阴，鬼为阴类，阴间不可能位于属阳的“上天”，只能在属阴的茫茫地下——幽冥。中国古代“引魂升天”说是东汉以后的事，那时受佛教、伊斯兰教、基督教、犹太教的影响，认为人死后可升天堂享乐，也可下地狱受苦；佛教认为修行积德者在死后可以前往西天极乐世界，解脱轮回之苦。修建于西汉初的马王堆汉墓尚未受到这些观念的影响，不可能改下阴间为“升天”。另外，从已发现的楚国文献资料看，楚国没有灵魂升天的习俗。《楚辞·招魂》中写道：“魂兮归来，君无上天些①。虎豹九关，啄害下人些。一夫九首，拔木九千些。……”说明楚人甚至忌惮于灵魂上天。

现在国内主要有关书籍中几乎都认为长沙陈家大山出土的《人物龙凤帛画》和长沙子弹库出土的《人物御龙帛画》都是灵魂升天图，认为“两者画面结构虽有差异，但皆表现墓主在神化动物导引下飞翔升腾”，从而成为西汉帛画“引魂升天”的历史依据。但仔细观察两幅帛画，子弹库出土帛画男性墓主乘的不是飞龙而是一般龙舟；陈家大山出土帛画的女性墓主乘的是如一弯新月的独木舟。龙舟在楚地战国时已普遍流行，如屈原投江死后，人们为怀念他，用龙舟为他招魂并投抛粽子使水族勿食其肉，此风俗沿袭至今。过去都认为画中龙舟下云纹状图案为“云彩”，其实为龙舟下的水波纹。龙舟前部下面还有一条游鱼。两幅战国帛画的墓主人都乘坐舟船的原因是：当时的人无法理解生老病死自然法则，虔诚地设计了种种宗教活动，尽量确立一种能自圆其说的宗教信仰。不仅在中国，世界许多古老民族都认为阳间与阴间有一水相隔，即人们常说的“阴阳界”。对于死者如何到阴间的途径，各民族有着多种说法，但有极大的共性，认为死后鬼魂要顺利进入阴间，就必须经过一条水域，如不能横渡这片水域，死者阴魂就要在阳间游荡，成为孤魂野鬼。所以，古希腊丧葬时要在死者口中放一枚小钱作为渡资；从唐代到清代，皇帝死后口中含一颗宝珠，可让死者鬼魂进入冥间得以照明。古葬礼中往往有死者灵魂上阴间之路的仪式，两幅战国帛所画当是该仪式的一部分，以祈求墓主横渡阴阳河一路顺风。

众多书籍都认为“升天”是死者的最高境界，于是把马王堆帛画中那复杂诡异的画面内容都牵强到“引魂升天”这一笼统而无证据的说法中去。帛画包括神话世界中的天上、人间（阳间、阴间）、地下三部分，实际就是汉代先民想象中的宇宙空间。画工着意突出墓主在人间层上的中心位置，天上、地下诸神（物）对他（她）的青睐和关照，反映出墓主强烈的支配欲。实际上，这一“宇宙空间”是为了给阴间的墓主提供一个如生前那样舒适的生活空间。

注：①些：音suò。句末语气词，只出现在《楚辞》中，大约是古代楚地的方言。

小题1:下列理解符合原文意思的两项是 （5分） （   ）

A．汉镇墓文中有“天为阳、地为阴”之语，鬼为阴类，不可能位于上天，只能位于阴间的“幽冥”。

B．为怀念屈原，人们用划龙舟和抛粽子的方式使水族勿食其肉，这一行为沿袭至今，成为风俗。

C．两幅战国帛画所画墓主人乘坐舟船，正是古代葬礼中送亡灵上阴间之路整个仪式的生动再现。

D．不单单是中国，世界上许多古老的民族都有类似“阴阳界”的文化信仰。E．马王堆帛画中那复杂诡异的画面内容都牵强到“引魂升天”这一说法笼统而且没有证据。

小题2:根据本文提供的信息，下列说法符合文意的一项是（3分）  （   ）

A．专家们长期以来对帛画中的舟船、水波、游鱼等内容失察，可见他们是在以先入为主的思维方式解说画面内容。

B．现在国内有关帛画的主要书籍都认为《人物龙凤帛画》和《人物御龙帛画》是灵魂升天图，呈现了“墓主在神化动物导引下飞翔升腾”的场景。

C．汉代先民想象中的宇宙空间包括神话世界中的天上、人间、地下三部分，帛画中的墓主居于人间层上的中心位置，表现了墓主的支配欲。

D．本文的观点，代表了汉代帛画主题思想研究的最新成果，作者倡导的科学、务实的科研精神具有重要意义。小题3:纵观全文，作者在否定“引魂升天”这一主题时用了哪些证据？请分点概括。（6分）

小题4:作者认为马王堆帛画原本的共同主题是什么？请简要回答。（2分）

“Life is speeding up. Everyone is getting unwell.”

This may sound like something someone would say today. But in fact, an unknown person who lived in Rome in AD（公元） 53 wrote it.

We all love new inventions. They are exciting, amazing and can even change our lives. But have all these developments really improved the quality of our lives?

Picture this. You’re rushing to finish your homework on the computer. Your mobile phone rings, a QQ message from your friend appears on the screen, the noise from the television is getting louder and louder. Suddenly the computer goes blank and you lose all your work. Now you have to stay up all night to get it done. How happy do you feel?

Inventions have speeded up our lives so much that they often leave up feeling stressed and tired. Why do you think people who live far away from noisy cities, who have no telephones, no cars, not even any electricity（电） often seem to be happier? Perhaps because they live simpler lives.

One family in the UK went “back in time” to see what life was like without all the inventions we have today. The grandparents, with their daughter, and grandsons Benjamin, 10 and Thomas, 7, spent nine weeks in a 1940s house. They had no washing machine, microwave（微波炉）, computer or mobile phones.

The grandmother, Lyn, said, “The more things you have, the more difficult life becomes.” The boys said they fought less. Probably, they said, because there was less to fight over, such as their computer. Benjamin also noticed that his grandmother had changed from being a “trendy（赶时髦的）, beer-drinking granny”, to one who cooked things.

小题1:The writer uses the quote（引号） at the beginning of the story to ________.

A．tell us a truth about our lives

B．tell us what life was like long time ago

C．point out what causes such a thing to happen

D．point out some problems we will meet in the life小题2:In the passage the writer describes a picture to show that new inventions _______.

A．have speeded up our lives

B．have improved the quality of our lives

C．may make people feel very happy

D．may bring people some trouble小题3:The family chose to spend some time in a 1940s house because _______.

A．they loved to live simple lives

B．they wanted to know how people lived without modern inventions

C．they were troubled by modern inventions

D．living in a different time would be a lot of fun for them小题4:According to the passage, which id NOT right?

A．People who live far away from noisy cities often seem to be happier.

B．An unknown Roman was sure that the quality of life would get better.

C．The family had some changes when they lived in a 1940s house.

D．With the improvement of our lives, we often feel stressed and tired.小题5:The passage is mainly about ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­________.

A．problems with technology

B．improvements of our lives with technology

C．changes happening to technology

D．the importance of technology