问题 单项选择题

关于风湿性疾病的概念下列哪种说法是正确的()

A.风湿病就是胶原性疾病

B.风湿病就是结缔组织病

C.风湿病只包括风湿热和类风湿关节炎

D.风湿病、结缔组织病、胶原病均是同范畴的疾病

E.结缔组织病、胶原病仅是风湿病的一部分、不能互相等同

答案

参考答案:E

解析:早在:1942年,有人将SLE、PSS及PM称为胶原性疾病,当时作为结缔组织细胞间质的变性提出来的,将纤维蛋白变性看做是胶原纤维变性产物。随着组织生物化学的进展,发现纤维蛋白变性并不来自胶原纤维,也找不到作为胶原纤维特征性氨基酸的羟脯氨酸,同时发现这组疾病有些胶原在代谢和结构上并无异常,病理变化并不局限在胶原纤维,因此认为胶原病称呼不够确切。其后发现这类疾病的疏松结缔组织均有纤维蛋白样变性,粘液样水肿及坏死性血管炎的基本病变,故改称为结缔组织病,但不能说凡结缔组织病变都称为结缔组织病,任何实质细胞损伤时都必然累及周围的间质,也就是说人体任何疾病都或多或少的累及结缔组织,故结缔组织病概念和胶原病一样含糊。最近用风湿性疾病来概括。风湿病是泛指影响骨、关节及其周围组织的一组疾病,其病因包括感染性、免疫性、代谢性,内分泌性、退化性、地理环境性、遗传性等。因此,风湿病范围广泛,不能和胶原病,结缔组织病互相等同,它们只是风湿病的一部分。

选择题
填空题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results_____(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative_____(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _____(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away_____(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives_____(5) needs, wants or desires,_____(6) negative drives as fears or aversions._____ (7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically_____(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in_____(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior.____(10) this reason, researchers often refer _____(11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _____(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward_____ (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _____(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to_____(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain_____(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and_____(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin_____(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams._____(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal — attractiveness; in the____(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal — wrinkled skin.