肺炎球菌肺炎可出现以下体征，除了（）
A.口角或鼻周单纯性疱疹
B.肋间带状疱疹
C.皮肤和黏膜出血点
D.病变部位湿啰音
E.病变部位支气管呼吸音
参考答案：B
解析：肺炎链球菌患者呈急性热病容，面颊绯红，鼻翼扇动，皮肤灼热，干燥，口角及鼻周有单纯疱疹，病变广泛时可出现发绀。有败血症者，可出现皮肤，黏膜出血点，巩膜黄染。肺实变时叩诊浊音，触觉语颤增强并可闻及支气管呼吸音。消散期可闻及湿啰音。心率增快，有时心律不齐。重症患者有肠胀气。重症感染时可伴休克，急性呼吸窘迫综合征及神经精神症状。累及脑膜时有颈抵抗及出现病理性反射。肋间带状疱疹是带状疱疹典型表现。
In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to complete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 70 minutes.
| Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable. Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior. Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated. |
In the third paragraph, "a dual function" refers to______.
A．formal and informal
B．rewards and penalties
C．approval and disapproval
D．clarification and regulation