问题 问答题 案例分析题

急性盆腔炎病例:

急性阑尾炎

病例摘要:患者,女性,30岁,转移性右下腹疼痛12小时来急诊。

患者于12小时前无明显诱因出现胃部不适,胀痛为主,2小时后逐渐转移至右下腹,伴恶心、呕吐,发病以来,无大小便异常。

既往体健,无肝肾疾病及胆囊炎和胆石症病史,无手术、外伤等病史。不嗜烟酒。月经基本正常。

查体:T38.5℃,P80次/分,R18次/分,BP120/70mmHg。

一般状况可,心肺(-),腹部平软,右下腹麦氏点压痛,反跳痛,无肌紧张。肠鸣音4次/分,腰背部叩痛(-)。

实验室检查:WBC14×109,N80%,Hb134g/L

答案

参考答案:

1.诊断和诊断依据本例初步印象:急性阑尾炎。其诊断依据是:

(1)转移性右下腹痛为该病的主要特点,可以伴随发热、恶心、呕吐等症状。

(2)右下腹压痛为最主要体征,早期局部可触及右下腹压痛,位置较为局限于麦氏点,局部反跳痛能够提示局部炎症的存在;阑尾部的腹肌紧张也是阑尾炎的重要体征。

(3)实验室检查血常规:WBC常超过(10~15)×109/L,中性粒细胞分类增多。

2.鉴别诊断

(1)Meckel憩室炎憩室炎往往没有转移性腹痛,多见于儿童,曾有黑便史。

(2)宫外孕破裂早期可有局部出血刺激腹膜,出血量大可表现面色苍白、四肢发凉、脉搏细速、血压下降,早期询问月经情况应当明确诊断。

(3)右侧卵巢囊肿扭转表现为疼痛突然,压痛位置较低,妇科双合诊检查可明确诊断。

(4)溃疡病穿孔有溃疡病史,发病突然,腹痛起自右上腹,腹部X线平片可发现气腹。

3.进一步检查

(1)腹部X线平片可发现右下腹盲肠和回肠末端部位肠腔积气和液气平面,右下腹软组织块影。

(2)B超显示阑尾低回声管状结构,僵硬,其横截面呈同心圆显影。

4.治疗原则

(1)非手术治疗

1)卧床。

2)禁食。

3)水电解质和热量输入。

4)抗炎治疗青霉素(或二、三代头孢菌素)+甲硝唑联合静脉输入。

(2)手术治疗

1)首选阑尾切除手术。

2)急性阑尾炎合并弥漫性腹膜炎时,及早手术,同时去除腹腔内的脓性分泌物,腹腔放置引流管。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Questions 6~10


Lighting up a cigarette at home could bring a visit from Honduran police if a family member or even a visitor complains about secondhand smoke. A new law that took effect on Monday banning smoking in most public and private spaces doesn’t actually outlaw cigarettes inside homes, but it does have a provision allowing people to file complaints about secondhand smoke in homes. Violations would bring a verbal warning on the first offense. After that could come arrest and a $311 fine—the equivalent of the monthly minimum wage in this Central American country.
Even some anti-smoking advocates suspect that part of the law may not work. "It seems its intention is to educate by way of complaints, a move that I do not find very feasible," said Armando Peruga, a program manager at the World Health Organization’s Tobacco-Free Initiative. He did praise Honduras for adopting a broad anti-smoking law, noting it is only the 29th nation to adopt such a law out of WHO’s 193 member states. But Peruga said the clause allowing family members to call police on their smoker relatives is confusing. The clause "does not make much sense since the law clearly does not prohibit smoking at homes".
The law bans smoking in most closed public or private spaces and orders smokers to stand at least 1.8 meters away from nonsmokers in any open space. The law explicitly bans smoking in schools, gas stations, nightclubs, restaurants, bars, buses, taxis, stadiums and cultural centers hut it doesn’t clearly ban smoking at home. Still, one clause says that "families or individuals may complain to law enforcement authorities when smokers expose them to secondhand smoke in private places and family homes".
"The law is clear and we will comply with it," said Rony Portillo, director of the Institute to Prevent Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. "Authorities will intervene (at a home) when someone makes a complaint. " Some say the law will be almost impossible to enforce in a country of 8 million people with a rampant crime problem and only 12,000 police officers. "Police won’t be able to enforce it because they can barely keep up with the crime wave that has been overwhelming us to be able to go after those who are smoking at home," said Jose Martinez, a 38-year-old computer engineer who has smoked for 20 years.
The law also outlaws all advertising for tobacco products and requires photos of lungs affected by cancer to be placed on cigarette packs. Tobacco and cigarette companies have 60 days to comply with both requirements.
In Honduras, 30 percent of the people smoke, and nine out of 10 Hondurans suffering from acute bronchitis live in homes where there is a smoker, according to Honduran health authorities.

Armando Peruga’s response to the adoption of the new law in Honduras is best described as

A. suspicious
B. compromising
C. positive
D. optimistic