问题 问答题 简答题

头痛的病史采集要点

答案

参考答案:

1.起病年龄:青春期、青年发病常见于偏头痛、紧张性头痛。老年人发病常见于高血压头痛、颞动脉炎等。

2.头痛出现的时间:有规律的早晨头痛--鼻窦炎、颅内压增高;晚上头痛剧烈-肌收缩性头痛;下午头痛-偏头痛;入睡后2~3小时头痛--丛集性头痛。

3.头痛部位:单侧或双侧、前额或枕部、局部或弥散、颅内或颅外对病因的诊断有重要价值。如偏头痛及丛集性头痛多在一侧,颅内病变的头痛常为深在性且较弥散,颅内深部病变的头痛部位不一定与病变部位相一致,但疼痛多向病灶同侧放射。高血压引起的头痛多在额部或整个头部。全身性或颅内感染性疾病的头痛,多为全头部痛。蛛网膜下腔出血或脑脊髓膜炎除头痛外,尚有颈痛。眼源性头痛为浅在性且局限于眼眶、前额或颞部。鼻源性或牙源性也多为浅表性疼痛。

4.头痛性质:偏头痛、各种原因导致血管扩张性头痛呈搏动性。紧张性头痛多感头部发紧似钳夹。颅、颈神经痛常呈电击样或放射样。蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下血肿头痛常呈刀割、钻顶样痛。

5.头痛持续的时间:颅、颈神经痛多为数秒至数分钟,偏头痛、紧张型头痛多持续2~3小时或1~2天,低颅压头痛,耳、鼻性头痛多持续数天,脑肿瘤多呈进行性头痛,卒中样发作且持续剧痛常见于蛛网膜下腔出血、硬膜下血肿。

6.头痛诱发及加重因素:咳嗽、打喷嚏、摇头、俯身可使颅内高压性头痛、血管性头痛、颅内感染性头痛及脑肿瘤性头痛加剧。紧张性头痛可因精神紧张加剧。颈肌急性炎症所致的头痛可因颈部运动而加剧。

7.头痛程度:根据各人的耐受能力程度有所不同。严重的偏头痛常使患者不能进行正常的生活工作;从睡眠中痛醒者多为器质性疾病;剧烈头痛见于脑膜炎、蛛网膜下腔出血;偏头痛、脑瘤、脑脓肿等均为中度头痛。

8.头痛的伴随症状对判断疾病有重要的意义:①头痛伴剧烈呕吐为颅内压增高,头痛在呕吐后减轻者见于偏头痛;②头痛伴眩晕者见于小脑肿瘤、椎-基底动脉供血不足;③头痛伴发热者常见于感染性疾病,包括颅内或全身性感染;④慢性进行性头痛,伴精神症状者应注意颅内肿瘤;⑤慢性头痛突然加剧并有意识障碍者提示可能发生脑疝;⑥头痛伴视力障碍者可见于青光眼或脑肿瘤;⑦头痛伴脑膜刺激征者提示有脑膜炎或蛛网膜下腔出血;⑧头痛伴癫痫发作者可见于脑血管畸形、脑内寄生虫病或肿瘤;⑨头痛伴神经功能紊乱症状者可能是神经功能性头痛。

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     I believe that animals possess greater intelligence than most people think But plants? I've never considered

the possibility of plant intelligence. The idea seems absurd.

     Yet I've had friends argue that plant intelligence might exist. "What are the differences between plants and

animals?" they ask, and then they argue about certain species that seem to share the intelligence of both plants

and animals.

     New research suggests that plants communicate via "networks". Plant communication is not idea, and

cannot indicate that it is a kind of intelligence, but it is still interesting.

     Recent research from Vidi researcher Josef Stuefer at the Radboud University Nijmegen shows that plants

have their own chat systems that they can use to warn each other. Therefore plants are not boring and passive

organisms that just stand there waiting to be cut down or eaten up; many plants form internal communication

networks and are able to exchange information networks and are able to exchange information efficiently.

     Many herbal plants such as strawberries and clovers (三叶草) naturally form networks. Individual plants

remam connected with each other for a certain period of time by means of runners (plant stems that grow

along the ground and put down roots to form new plants). These connections enable the plants to share

information with each other via intemal channels. They are therefore very similar to computer networks. But

what do plants chat to each other about?

     Recently Stuefer and his colleagues were the first to prove that clover plants warn each other via the

network links if danger is nearby. If one of the plants is attacked by caterpillars (毛虫), the other members of

the network are warned via an internal signal. Once warned the intact (完好无损的) plants strengthen their

chemical and mechanical (机体的) resistance so that they are less attractive to advancing caterpillars. Thanks

to this early warning system, the plants can stay one step ahead of their attackers. The research has shown that

this significantly limits the damage to the plants.

     Again, I don't believe this reflects intelligence, but it's certainly fascinating.

1. The author thinks that the plant communication _____. [ ]

A. is absolutely a new idea 

B. is a sign of plant intelligence

C. is related to animal communication

D. is interesting and fascinating

2. Clover plants warn each other when danger is nearby by _____. [ ]

A. making sounds

B. releasing chemicals

C. strengthening mechanical resistance

D. sending internal signals

3. Which of the following statements about the research is NOT true? [ ]

A. Most plants have no chat system and are passive organisms.

B. Individual plants can also remain connected with each other.

C. The communication between clover plants can protect them from damage.

D. The research is the first to show how clover plants warn each other.

4. The author's attitude towards plant intelligence is _____. [ ]

A. unconcerned

B. doubtful

C. positive

D. hopeful

5. What's the best title for the passage? [ ]

A. Does Plant Communication Really Exist?

B. Some Discoveries About Clover Plant.

C. Does Plant Communication Imply Intelligence?

D. A New Study on Plant Communication.

选择题