问题 单项选择题

哪本书标志着三角学脱离了天文学,称为一门独立的数学分支()

A、《算盘书》

B、《三角全书》

C、《周脾算经》

D、《天文大集》

答案

参考答案:B

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     As kids, my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods. "The woods" was our part-time address,

destination, purpose and excuse. If I went to a friend's house and found him not at home, his mother might

say, "Oh, he's out in the woods," with a tone (语气) of airy acceptance. It's similar to the tone people

sometimes use nowadays to tell me that someone I'm looking for is on the golf course or at the gym, or even

"away from his desk." For us ten-year-olds, "being out in the woods" was just an excuse to do whatever we

feel like for a while.

     We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring (探索). Exploring was

a more popular idea back then than it is today. History seemed to be mostly about explorers. Our explorations,

though, seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way. Say we

stayed in the woods, throwing rocks, shooting frogs, picking blackberries, digging in what we were briefly

persuaded was an Italian burial mound.

     Often we got "lost" and had to climb a tree to find out where we were. If you read a story in which

someone does that successfully, be skeptical: the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and

we could never climb high enough to see anything except other trees. There were four or five trees that we

visited regularly-tall beeches, easy to climb and comfortable to sit in.

     It was in a tree, too, that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end. By then some of us has

reached seventh grade and had begun the rough ride of adolescence (青春期). In March, the month when we

usually took to the woods again after winter, two friends and I set out to go exploring. We climbed a tree, and

all of a sudden it occurred to all three of us at the same time that were really rather big to be up in a tree. Soon

there would be the spring dances on Friday evenings in the high school cafeteria.

1. The author and his friends were often out in the woods to _____. [ ]

A. spend their free time

B. play golf and other sports

C. avoid doing their schoolwork

D. keep away from their parents

2. What can we infer from Paragraph 2? [ ]

A. The activities in the woods were well planned.

B. Human history is not the result of exploration.

C. Exploration should be a systematic activity.

D. The author explored in the woods aimlessly.

3. The underlined word "skeptical" in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _____. [ ]

A. calm

B. doubtful

C. serious

D. optimistic

4. How does the author feel about his childhood? [ ]

A. Happy but short.

B. Lonely but memorable.

C. Boring and meaningless.

D. Long and unforgettable.

综合题

阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一 在公元前800至公元前200年间发生了人类精神的奠基。这个时代称为“轴心时代”。在此时代中,许多杰出的思想家几乎同时产生于中国、印度与 西方,而他们互不知晓。

——摘编自雅斯贝斯《哲学导论》

(1)结合所学,指出“轴心时代”中国思想家孔子、老子思想的主要内容,并分别用一句话概括希腊哲学家苏格拉底、亚里士多德在西方学术史上的地位。(6分)

材料二 程朱坚认一草一木皆有理……不仅如此,程朱以为须穷究事物内在之理。其说乃不免以物为外在,析心与理为二。阳明认为其结果是心必将丧失其方向与动力。阳明说,如其理外在于心,则亲没之后,吾心即无孝之理及孝亲之心。

——陈荣捷《中国哲学文献选编》

(2)根据材料二和所学知识,分析宋明理学相对于传统儒学的新特点。材料二中两派思想家的观点有何不同?(5分)

材料三 船山(王夫之)视宇宙为一生生不息之历程。在这个历程里,气之阴与阳不断地融合,如是,气与理俱日新不已。这种哲学适用于政府与历史上,导致了反传统而大胆的结论。理既只是存现于具体事物与制度之中,那么宋明新儒家所制定为历史与社会之典范之“天理”,就根本不存在了。

——陈荣捷《中国哲学文献选编》

(3) 依据材料三指出王夫之反对理学的依据是什么?请以其同时代的思想观点为材料三中“导致了反传统而大胆的结论”提供一则佐证。(3分)

材料四 古者以天下为主,君为客,凡君之所毕世而经营者,为天下也。今也以君为主,天下为客,凡天下之无地而得安宁者,为君也。……然则为天下之大害者,君而已矣。……世儒不察,以工商为末,妄议抑之;夫工固圣王之所欲来,商又使其愿出于途者,盖皆本也。

——黄宗羲《明夷待访录》

(4)根据材料四并结合所学知识,概括指出明清之际进步思想的历史地位和依据。(2分)