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简述 * * 下裂术后常见并发症—— * * 瘘发生的原因及其处理原则。

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参考答案:

原因:一是与手术方法有关,如埋藏皮条重建 * * 法,一般发生在 * * 瘘者较多,一期手术修复法也较多。其次与手术操作有关,术中止血不彻底,血肿形成;缝合结扎线过紧,而影响伤口愈合;伤口感染,都是导致发生 * * 瘘的原因。

处理:(1)瘘口较小且远端 * * 不狭窄者,一般可以自愈。

(2)较大的瘘孔则需手术修补。

(3)多发性较大瘘孔常是切除整个重建 * * 进行再次修复。

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Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results (1) motivated behavior.
Motivation can be either positive or negative (2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, (3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away (4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives (5) needs, wants or desires, (6) negative drives as fears or aversions (7) , though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically (8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in (9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior. (10) this reason, researchers often refer (11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.
Goals, (12) , can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is (14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to (15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain (16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and (17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin (18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams. (19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal -- attractiveness; in the (20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal -- wrinkled skin.