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问题 单项选择题 A1/A2型题

下列关于药效学指标说法正确的是（）

A.药效学指标必须在个体内有良好的重复性，而对个体间的重复性无要求

B.药效学指标必须是主观的

C.药效学指标不具有临床意义

D.欲正确进行药物的药效学评价，必须选择尽可能复杂的药效学指标

E.浓度效应曲线属于药效学指标

答案

参考答案：E

解析：药效学指标必须在个体间和个体内有良好的重复性；必须是客观的，而不是主观的；必须具有临床意义；药物的药效学评价必须选择简单、可行、可靠的药效学指标，所以选项A、B、C、D均不正确，而浓度效应曲线描述的是血药浓度高低与药效强弱的关系，是药效学指标之一，因此正确答案为E。

填空题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals are the sought-after results_____(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative_____(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _____(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away_____(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives_____(5) needs, wants or desires,_____(6) negative drives as fears or aversions._____ (7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically_____(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in_____(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior.____(10) this reason, researchers often refer _____(11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _____(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward_____ (13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _____(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to_____(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain_____(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and_____(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin_____(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams._____(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal — attractiveness; in the____(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal — wrinkled skin.
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单项选择题 A3/A4型题

患者吴某，男性，18岁。咳嗽，咯黄痰，咳时汗出，口渴身热，恶风肢楚，舌苔薄黄，脉浮数。

其治法为（）

A.疏风散寒，宣肺止咳

B.健脾燥湿，化痰止咳

C.清肺化痰，肃肺降气

D.疏风清热，宣肺止咳

E.疏风清热，润燥止咳
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