问题 实验题

(1)某同学在做“利用单摆测重力加速度”的实验时,有下列步骤,其中正确的是

(不定项)

A.取长度约1m的细线,一端固定在铁架台上,另一端栓一个小铁球

B.测出细线的长度即为单摆的摆长L

C.使小铁球离开其平衡位置约30cm的距离,将其静止释放

D.待小铁球摆动稳定后,当小铁球经过平衡位置时按下秒表开始计时

E.开始计时时记为1,当小铁球第50次经过平衡位置停止计时,所测时间为50个周期(t=50T)

(2)若某次测量时间结果如图所示,则秒表的读数是

(3)若测出的g值较当地重力加速度的值偏大,可能原因是        (不定项)

A.小球的质量偏大

B.用摆线的长度当作摆长

C.将实际振动n次数误记为(n+1)次

D.摆线上端没有系牢,摆动过程因松动而使摆线变长           s。               

答案

(1)    AD        (2)  100.5  s     (3)   C 

分析:(1)用单摆测重力加速度实验的注意事项:摆长等于悬点到球心的距离;摆长约为1m左右;单摆在摆角较小时(小于5°)可看成简谐运动;摆球经过最低时开始计时,便于测量单摆的周期;

(2)秒表分子与秒针的示数之和是秒表的示数,由图示秒表可以读出秒表示数;

(3)根据单摆周期公式分析实验误差.

解答:解:(1)A、取长度约1m的细线,一端固定在铁架台上,另一端栓一个小铁球,符合实验要求,故A正确;

B、摆线长度与摆球半径之和是摆长,测出细线的长度作为单摆的摆长L是错误的,故B错误;

C、单摆的最大摆角应小于5°,小铁球离开其平衡位置约30cm的距离,将其静止释放,摆角太大,故C错误;

D、待小铁球摆动稳定后,当小铁球经过平衡位置时按下秒表开始计时,故D正确;

E、开始计时时记为1,当小铁球第50次经过平衡位置停止计时,所测时间为49个周期,不是50个周期,故E错误;

故正确的实验步骤是AD.

(2)由图示秒表可知,秒表的分针示数是1min=60s,秒针示数是40.5s,则秒表示数是60s+40.5s=100.5s.

(3)由单摆周期公式T=2π可知,g=

A、由g=可知,重力加速度与摆球质量无关,故A错误;

B、用摆线的长度当作摆长,摆长L偏小,由g=可知,所测重力加速偏小,不符合题意,故B错误;

C、将实际振动n次数误记为(n+1)次,所测单摆周期T变小,由g=可知,所测重力加速度偏大,符合题意,故C正确;

D、摆线上端没有系牢,摆动过程因松动而使摆线变长,由T=2π可知.所测单摆的实际周期T偏大,由g=可知所测重力加速度偏小,不符合题意,故D错误;

故答案为:(1)AD;(2)100.5;(3)C.

点评:本题考查了用单摆测重力加速度的实验操作、秒表读数、实验误差分析等问题;要掌握常用器材的使用及读数方法;实验误差分析是本题的难点,熟练应用单摆周期公式认真分析,是正确解题的关键.

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

    If you spend two or three hours playing outdoors each day, it's less likely (可能的) to get short-sighted,

a research shows. It challenges the old belief that short-sightedness is caused by computer use, watching

TV or reading in weak light. 

    The Australian scientists believe that sunlight is good for people's eyes. They did a research among 100

seven-year-old children in Singapore and Australia. According to the result, about 30% of the Singaporean

children were short-sighted while there were only 3% Australian children get short-sighted. 

    Both groups spent almost the same time reading, watching television and playing computer games.

However, the Australian children spent an average (平均) of two hours a day outdoors-90 minutes more

than the Singaporean children.

    Professor (教授) Ian Morgan said. "'Humans are naturally long-sighted, but when people begin to go to

school and spend little or no time outdoors, the number of short-sighted people gets larger. There're also

more and more short-sighted children in cities all around the world-and the main reason may be that city

children spend less time outdoors." 

    Daylight can be much brighter than indoor light. But why does playing outside stop us from becoming

short-sighted? Scientists believe that natural light has a special chemical (化学物质) which is good for our

eyeballs and stops people becoming short-sighted.

    So go outdoors, It doesn't matter if that time is spent having a picnic or playing sports.

1. Who did the research? [ ]

A. Singaporean scientists.

B. Singaporean children.

C. Australian scientists.

D. Australian children.

2. Many people believe            caused short-sightedness in the past.

[ ]

A. computer use

B. watching TV

C. reading in weak light

D. All above

3. How much time did the Singaporean children spend outdoors on average every day in the research? [ ]

A. 2 hours.

B. 90 minutes.

C. 1 hour.

D. 30 minutes.

4. What is the main idea of the fifth paragraph (段)? [ ]

A. Why people become short-sighted.

B. Why natural light has a special chemical.

C. Why playing outside can stop people from becoming short-sighted.

D. Why daylight is much brighter than indoor light.

5. Which of the following is true according to the passage? [ ]

A. People will all become short-sighted after they begin to go to school.

B. Playing outdoors for 2 or 3 hours every day help protect (保护) your eyesight.

C. Children in Australia are more likely to get short-sighted than those in Singapore.

D. If you spend 2 or 3 hours playing outside every day, you will never get short-sighted.