问题 综合题

阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一:夏朝自启以后,后(王)位只能在夏后氏王族内世袭。禹家族的其他支族,都被分封在全国各地,“以国为姓”,成为夏王朝的侯、伯。这些同姓侯伯封国,成为夏王朝控制全国的依靠力量。                           

──白钢主编《中国政治制度史(上)》

材料二:春秋初期,郑庄公一度独揽王室大权。周郑双方互换太子为质,史称“周郑交质”;后来双方反目,郑军打败周军,周桓王中箭负伤,史称“射中王肩”。从此,“王室之尊,与诸侯无异”。春秋战国时期,战争频繁。春秋后期和战国前期,不少诸侯国内的卿大夫逐渐取代国君掌握了国政。“三家分晋”和“田氏代齐”,形成了战国七雄争霸的格局。

请回答:

(1)材料一中所指的制度是什么?对后世 * * 有何影响?

(2)材料所述现象反映了哪些问题?原因何在?

答案

(1)初步形成分封制度,对商特别是西周分封制的确立起到了奠基的作用。

(2)反映出:分封制、宗法制日益破坏和削弱。原因:春秋战国时期随着诸侯实力的增长,诸侯国与周王之间的力量对比发生了变化,同时不少诸侯国内的卿大夫的实力也日益增长,于是“礼崩乐坏”。

本题考查学生对分封制的含义及影响的理解。分封制的形成对后世的地方制度的发展产生了重大影响。但它存在的基础是周王有绝对的实力,但随着周王实力的削弱,分封制就无法推行下去,只能走向崩溃。

名词解释
单项选择题

The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

James Joyce revolutionized the novel, the short story, and modern literature as we know it. He was born in Dublin, the first of 10 children in a Catholic family. His father was a civil servant whose poor financial judgment left the family impoverished for much of Joyce’s youth. Young James attended Dublin’s fine Jesuit schools, which gave him a firm grounding in theology and classical languages--subjects that appeared repeatedly in his later work. The story of his early life and his intellectual rebellion against Catholicism and Irish nationalism are told in the largely autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

In 1902, at the age of 20, Joyce left Dublin to spend the rest of his life in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zurich, with only occasional visits back home. Despite this self-imposed exile, Dublin was the setting for most of his writings. Dubliners (1914), Joyce’s most accessible work, is a collection of short stories describing the paralyzing social mores of middle-class Catholic life. "The Dead," the final story in the collection, is frequently listed as one of the finest short stories ever written.

Joyce’s next book, Ulysses, took seven years to write; once he finished writing it, he almost couldn’t find anyone to publish it. Upon the novel’s publication, both Ireland and the United States immediately banned it as obscene. Despite these obstacles, Ulysses has come to be generally recognized as the greatest twentieth-century novel written in English. The novel was revolutionary in many ways. The structure was unique: Joyce recreated one rill day in the life of his protagonist, Leopold Bloom, and modeled the actions of the story on those of Ulysses in the Odyssey. In recounting Bloom’s day, Joyce mentions everything that happens to Bloom--including thoughts, bodily functions, and sexual acts--providing a level of physical actuality that had never before been achieved in literature. To provide a psychological insight comparable to the physical detail, Joyce employed a then-revolutionary technique called stream of consciousness, in which the protagonist’s thoughts are laid bare to the reader.

From 1922 until 1939, joyce worked on a vast, experimental novel that eventually became known as Finnegan’s Wake. The novel, which recounts "the history of the world" through a family’s dreams, employs its own "night language" of puns, foreign words, and literary allusions. It has no clear chronology or plot, and it begins and ends on incomplete sentences that flow into each other. Many of Joyce’s supporters thought he was wasting his time on the project, although the playwright Samuel Beckett, who later won the Nobel Prize for Literature, helped Joyce compile the final text when his eyesight was failing. Today, Finnegan’s Wake is viewed as Joyce’s most obscure and possibly most

Joyce’s works helped introduce all except which of the following literary elements into modern English literature ?()

A. Narration through second-person address

B. Novel structure based on real-time chronology

C. Linguistic experimentation

D. Literary realism concerning physical reality

E. Stream of consciousness