问题 问答题 简答题

血胸诊断要点

答案

参考答案:

1.临床表现血胸在临床上主要表现为失血,依失血量多少而临床症状不同,可以从无症状、心悸,到躁动不安、失血性休克。小量血胸患者可无明显I临床症状和体征。中等量以上的血胸可因急性大量失血引起血容量迅速减少,心排出量减低,出现失血性休克,患者表现为烦躁不安,面色苍白,出冷汗、脉搏细弱,血压下降。体检时可见伤侧呼吸运动减弱,肋间隙饱满,患侧叩诊为实音,呼吸音减弱或消失。胸腔内大量积血可压迫肺脏使肺萎陷,纵隔、气管向健侧移位。胸内积血如不及时处理容易并发感染。胸腔内的血液由于肺脏、膈肌和心脏的活动使血液内的纤维蛋白沉积在这些脏器表面,因而中等量以下的胸内积血是不凝固的,但若出血量大且出血速度快,去纤维蛋白作用不完全,则血液可凝固,成为凝固性血胸。血胸未得到积极治疗,迁延6周以上,胸腔内的血块会产生机化,在肺表面形成增厚的纤维板,限制肺脏的活动,形成机化性血胸。

2.放射学征象X线胸片上,小量血胸可见到伤侧肋膈角变钝,液面不超过膈顶;中量血胸液面达到肺门水平;大量血胸液平面超过肺门水平。

完形填空

阅读下面短文并回答问题,然后将答案写到答题卡相应的位置上(请注意问题后的词数要求)

[1] Sooner or later everyone has to write something-a thank-you note, a report at a meeting, a complaint or an apology. If you have writing assignment(作业) in school, or if you still fear to put pen to paper, facing that empty page is almost as frightening as you are facing a tiger. How to write it? There is no mystery. Clear writing is just clear thinking. Here are some techniques for you.

[2] Thinking on paper

Sit down with a pencil and paper or at the computer screen and start outlining(概述,略述) what you want to say, why it is important, why it matters, and what its impact is on the reader. Just get the ideas down. The next step is to go back and put them in order.

[3] Writing first sentence

Try to make your first sentence catch the reader’s eyes, because ________, the reader is not going to read on. Get a good, clear lead sentence that summarizes your points and answers the reader’s question “What is in it for me?” if you can not do it in one sentence, then do it in two or three but keep them short.

[4] Remembering the reader

Short, simple words are better than long words. Short sentences are better than long sentences. Remember that the goal is to communicate, not to express yourselves. Most people are so devoted to what they want to say that they forget somebody else has to be able to read it. Too much information makes you lose readers before they get to the meat(实质) of what you want to say.

[5] Reading and rewriting

Read out what you have written loud, and listen for any awkward(笨拙的) sentences. All good writers read, then rewrite. Back off a little bit from what you are writing. It is an old standard, but if you can, write something and come back a day later.

小题1:What is the best title for the passage? (no more than 8 words)

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小题2:Which of the techniques do you think is the best for you? Why? (within 15 words)

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小题3:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words. (within 5 words)

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小题4:What’s the last step to write a better writing according to the passage? (within three words)

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小题5:What does the underlined word “it” (paragraph 2) probably refer to? (five words)

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单项选择题