问题 问答题

价值工程的特点是什么?工作步骤有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

(1)以使用者的功能需求为出发点。价值工程出发点的选择要适应现代市场经济形式,应满足使用者对功能的需求。(2)对所研究对象进行功能分析、并系统研究功能与成本之间的关系。其技术内容包括:辨别必要功能或不必要功能、过剩功能或不足功能;计算出不同方案的功能量化值;考虑功能与其载体的有分有合问题。通过功能与成本进行比较,形成比较价值的概念和量值。由于功能与成本关系的复杂性,必须用系统的观点和方法对其进行深入研究。(3)致力于提高价值的创造性活动。提高功能与成本的比值是一项创造性活动,要有技术创新。提高功能或降低成本,都必须创造出新的功能载体或者创造新的载体加工制造的方法。(4)有组织、有计划、有步骤地开展工作。开展价值工程活动的过程涉及各个部门的各方面人员。在他们之间,要沟通思想、交换意见、统一认识、协调行动,要步调一致地开展工作。

工作步骤在准备阶段有:(1)对象选择;(2)组成价值工程小组;(3)制定工作计划;分析阶段有:(4)搜集整理信息资料;(5)功能系统分析;(6)功能评价;创新阶段有:(7)方案创新;(8)方案评价;(9)提案编写;实施阶段有:(10)审批;(11)实施与检查;(12)成果鉴定。

选择题
阅读理解

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第三部分:阅读理解(共20小题,每小题2分;共40分)

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Several interesting American museums tell about health subjects. One is the Doctor Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry. It is at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. That is where the first college in the world to train dentists began. The museum tells about the history of the medical treatment of teeth. Visitors can see some frightening devices that once were used to remove infected teeth. They also can see sets of teeth made of animal bone. They were made for a famous American —— the first President, George Washington.

Most people do not consider a visit to the dentist their idea of a good time. However, the director of the museum says he wants to make the museum a funny place to visit. He says he also wants to teach visitors about the importance of taking care of their teeth.

Another museum collects devices that help people hear. The Kenneth W. Berger Hearing Aid Museum is at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. The museum has more than three-thousand hearing aids from around the world. They include old and strange devices. Some hearing aids were made to look like other objects. That is because in the past many people did not want anyone to know they were wearing a hearing aid.

56. It is common for people to think it uneasy to pay a visit to ____.

A. the University of Maryland            B. the Museum of Dentistry

C. the Hearing Aid Museum              D. the dentist

57. The text mainly tells about _____.

A. museums in the US               B. interesting American museums

C. American museums with health subjects

D. the history of the medical treatment of teeth

58. What do we learn about George Washington from the text?

A. He once visited the National Museum of Dentistry.

B. He considered the Museum of Dentistry a fun place to visit

C. His artificial (人造的) teeth were collected in the National Museum of Dentistry.

D. His teeth seemed to be made of animal bone.

59. The underlined word “devices” in the first and last paragraph probably means _____.

A. ways        B. strategies        C. tools          D. desires