问题 单项选择题

2个月内婴儿应接受下列哪项预防()

A.卡介苗

B.脊髓灰质炎疫苗

C.百白破三联疫苗

D.麻疹疫苗

E.流脑疫苗

答案

参考答案:A

解析:这是一道记忆题,按教材中"1岁以内婴儿各种预防接种实施程序表"完全可获正确答案,但是错选率却高达70%~80%。67%错选B,其次为C、D、E。高错选原因可能有两个,其一是儿童保健这一章节似不为学生重视,学生不会花时间去背这些接种程序。其二,即使去复习了,也会记错,因计划免疫虽仅包括了5种疫苗预防7种病,但对初接种年龄似很难记全,因此,要记牢需掌握规律。既然是预防接种,必须了解相应要预防的疾病的免疫反应性质所在,结合小儿免疫系统发育规律则大体可不出错。5种疫苗及预防的相应疾病分别为:卡介苗-结核病,脊髓灰质炎疫苗-脊髓灰质炎(灰髓炎),麻疹疫苗-麻疹,百白破三联疫苗-百日咳、白喉和破伤风,乙肝疫苗-乙型肝炎。对结核感染和乙型肝炎感染,机体主要的对抗性免疫应答者是T淋巴细胞。足月新生儿外周血T细胞量已达成人水平,因此,在新生儿期出生时即接种卡介苗(减毒结核菌苗)已能产生相应免疫应答。对病毒性疾病的免疫应答包括了T细胞反应和抗体,抗体生成有赖于B淋巴细胞产生特异性IgG,而B淋巴细胞能产生有效的IgG类抗体应答始于生后3个月龄。乙型肝炎免疫以T细胞免疫应答为主,兼产生抗体,因此在生后即可初种。对灰髓炎的免疫则T和B细胞兼参与之,为了避免同时有2种以上免疫原介入,又鉴于幼婴是灰髓炎的易感人群以及此病的致残、致死率高;因此,在满2个月时即予以初种。百日咳、白喉和破伤风的免疫主要是特异性IgG,因此需在3个月以上接种才能生效。6个月以下婴儿有来自母体的被动免疫,而具对麻疹的保护作用,使6个月内一般较少患麻疹,故麻疹疫苗一般安排在8个月以上才接种,但是如母亲未接种过麻疹疫苗或未感染过麻疹,则6个月以内婴儿有时也可罹患麻疹。流脑是季节性疾病,属细菌感染,免疫应答是抗体,2个月内接种无效。按以上规律,2个月以内应能接受的预防接种是卡介苗和乙肝疫苗。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Now which are the animals really to be pitied in captivity First, those clever beings whose lively urge for activity can find no outlet behind the bars of the cage. This is most conspicuous, even for the uninitiated, in the case of animals which, when living in a free state, are accustomed to roaming about widely. Owing to this frustrated desire, foxes and wolves housed, in many old-fashioned zoos, in cages which are far too small, are among the most pitiable of all caged animals.
Though pinioned swans generally seem happy, under proper care, by hatching and rearing their young without any trouble, at migration time things become different: they repeatedly swim to the lee side of the pond, in order to have the whole extent of its surface at their disposal, trying to take off. Again and again the grand preparations end in a pathetic flutter of their half wings ; a truly sorry picture !
This, however, rarely awakens the pity of the zoo visitor, least of all when such an originally highly intelligent and mentally alert animal has deteriorated, in confinement, into a crazy idiot, a very caricature of its former self. Sentimental old ladies, the fanatical sponsors of the societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, have no compunction in keeping a grey parrot in a relatively small cage or even chained to a perch. Together with the large corvines, the parrots are probably the only birds which suffer from that state of mind, common to prisoners, namely, boredom.

What does the author say about sentimental old ladies

A. They do not care about animals.
B. They hate making animals suffer.
C. They enjoy making animals suffer.
D. They do not realize the consequences.