问题 问答题 简答题

微生物具有哪些主要特性? 试简要说明之。 (本题15 分)您的答案是:空正确答案:

答案

参考答案:微生物,除了具有一般大型生物的共性外,还带来了以下这些任何其它生物所不能比拟的特性:(1)种类多到目前为止,人们已经发现并已认识的微生物种类大约有20万种,其中绝大多数为较容易观察和培养的真菌、藻类和原生动物等大型微生物。据粗略估计,微生物的种类约为几百万种。人类已经开发利用的微生物则仅占已发现微生物种的约1%,都是与人类的生活、生产关系最密切的那些种类。此外,在现有环境中还存在着极其大量的“不可培养的”(unculturablE.微生物。微生物种类多,一方面还表现在微生物的生理代谢类型多,另一方面还表现在微生物能产生和积累的代谢产物种类繁多。(2)分布广微生物因其形体微小、重量轻,故可以随着风和水流到处传播。在空气、水、土壤和动植物体表体内,到处都充满了大量的各种微生物。可以说微生物是无处不有,无孔不入,几乎到处都是微生物活动的场所。只要环境条件合适,它们就可以在那里大量地繁殖起来。凡是有动植物生存的地方都有微生物存在,而没有动植物生存的地方也有微生物存在。因为一部分微生物具有特殊的抗逆性,它们可以在某些恶劣的极端环境条件下生活,被人们认为是生物圈上下限的开拓者和各种世界记录的保持者。(3)繁殖快微生物惊人的生长繁殖速度是其它任何生物都望尘莫及的。在最适宜的培养条件下,人们最熟悉的大肠杆菌每13~20分钟就可分裂出新的一代。微生物繁殖速度快这一特性,在发酵工业上有着重要的实践意义。(4)代谢强微生物的代谢强度比起高等生物要高出几百至几万倍。微生物代谢能力强主要表现在吸收多,转化快。吸收多即“胃口大”。微生物代谢能力强这个特性,为它们的高速生长繁殖和产生大量代谢产物提供了充足的物质基础。其代谢能力强的主要原因是由于个体小,比表面积大,因此它们能够在细胞与环境之间迅速交换营养物质和代谢产物。同时,它们在细胞内也会不断合成具有高活性的代谢酶类以适应自身迅速生长繁殖的需要。(5)易变异微生物容易发生变异的主要原因,是个体多为单细胞或结构简单的多细胞,甚至非细胞结构。因而在受到外界物理或化学因素影响后,很容易引起细胞内的遗传物质发生突变,结果导致遗传性状,包括形态或生理表型上的变异。微生物易变异的另一个原因是细胞增殖速度快,细胞数量多,因而尽管其自发突变率很低,也会造成在短时间内产生较多的变异后代。很显然,微生物容易变异的特性对人类而言既有益又有害。

阅读理解

Pop music is the name for different forms of popular, commercial(商业) music. It had its beginning in the USA and spread throughout the whole world during the 1950s and 1960s. It is widely liked by the young people. The best known early form of pop music was “rock’ n’ roll”; another was “blues”. A more recent development is “folk-rock”. Pop music has taken the place of native music in many parts of the world; it has caused the number of people for jazz to become much smaller than it was in the 1950s and earlier, and it has now begun to rule musical stage productions. It’s a big industry. Much pop music is without artistic value, but the work of some pop singers, e.g. the Beatles, Bob Dylan, the groups like Floyd and Crosby, Stills and Nash, is on a higher musical level. And there is still a great interest in it today. Pop music concerts and festivals are held all over the world.

小题1:All of the following forms belong to pop music EXCEPT __________________.

A.blues

B.rock’ n ’roll

C.jazz

D.folk-rock小题2:According to the article, the number of people for jazz in the 1950s and earlier was ___________ it is today.

A.much greater than

B.much smaller than

C.as great as

D.as small as小题3:Which of the following is TRUE?

A.No pop music is on a high musical level.

B.Much pop music is very artistic.

C.Pop music is highly artistic.

D.Not all pop music is without artistic value.小题4:“It is a big industry” means that _______________.

A.it makes a lot of musical instruments (乐器)

B.it is a big musical and commercial business

C.the pop singers are very hard-working

D.pop music is on a very high musical level

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