问题 综合题

地方行政制度的变化是我国古代政治制度演变的重要组成部分。根据下面三幅地图并结合所学知识回答下列问题:(19分)

(1)图A—1、A—2、A—3分别反映了我国古代哪一朝代的何种地方行政制度?(3分)

(2)图A—1反映的地方行政制度在西周和春秋时期各产生了什么影响?其历史影响为什么会前后不同?(6分)

(3)图A—2与图A—1反映的地方行政制度的主要差别是什么?(3分)

(4)简述图A—3反映的地方行政制度的内容,分析其作用和影响。(7分)

答案

(1)图A—1:西周分封制;图A—2:秦朝郡县制;图A—3:元朝行省制度。(3分)

(2)影响:西周时期,分封制巩固周朝统治,扩大周朝疆域,推动奴隶社会走向强盛。春秋时期,分封制的影响则表现为诸侯国不再尊重周王,出现了诸侯间相互间争夺和混战。(2分)影响不同的原因:西周时期,分封制刚刚实施,周王有较大权威,各地诸侯多数与周王有密切的血缘关系,故分封制能够起到保卫王室的作用。西周后期,周王室势力下降,各地诸侯则势力增强,诸侯与周王 间的血缘关系已经疏远,周王失去对诸侯的约束作用,故分封制直接导致了诸侯争霸割据的混战局面。(4分)

(3)形成了中央垂直管理地方的形式。郡县长官一概由皇帝任免调动,不得世袭。是官僚政治取代贵族政治的重要标志。一是宣政院管辖的西藏和四川、青海部分地区。行省成为最高地方行政区的名称,行使权力时受中央节制。(3分)作用和影响:行省的设置,便利了中央对地方的管理,从政治上巩固了国家的统一,使中央集权在行政体制上得到了保证。这是我国政治制度史上的一项重大变革,对后世有巨大的影响。明清沿用并改造了行省制度,一直发展到今天。(4分)

阅读理解

阅读理解

     Some plants get so hungry they eat flies, and even small frogs. What's more amazing is that these plants occur naturally (in special environments) in every state. In fact, they're found on every continent except

Antarctica.

     You've probably seen a Venus' flytrap -- a small plant, which grows 6 to 8 inches tall in a container. At the end of its stalks (茎) are leaves that act like traps (陷阱). Inside each trap is a lining of tiny hairs. When an insect lands on them, the traps suddenly shut. Over the course of a week or so, the plant feeds on its

catch.

     The Venus' flytrap is just one of more than 500 species of meat-eating plants, says Barry Meyers-Rice, the editor of the International Carnivorous Plant Society's Newsletter. He states although you might have

read some science-fiction stories, no meat-eating plant does any danger to humans.

Barry says a plant is meat-eating, only if it does all four of the following: "attract, kill, digest, and absorb"

some form of insects. Meat-eating plants look and act like other green plants -- well, most of the time.

All green plants make sugar to produce food. What makes meat-eating plants different is their special

leaves, which need insects for one reason: nitrogen (氮). Nitrogen is a nutrient that they can't obtain any

other way. Why?

     Almost all green plants on our planet get nitrogen from the soil. Meat-eating plants can't. They live in

places where nutrients are hard to get from the soil because of its acidity. So they've come to rely on

getting nitrogen from insects and small animals. In fact, nutrient-rich soft is poisonous to meat-eating plants. Never fertilize (施肥) them! But don't worry, either, if they never seem to catch any insects. They can

survive, but they'll grow very slowly.

1. According to the passage, a Venus' flytrap ______.

A. is a small plant which grows in a container

B. is a kind of plant which gets hungry easily

C. can trap and feed on some form of insects

D. can only grow 6-8 inches tall

2. From the passage, we can infer that ______.

A. meat-eating plants are found nowhere else except Antarctica

B. all green plants get nitrogen from the soil

C. meat-eating plants endanger humans in science-fiction stories

D. the nutrient-poor soil is beneficial to meat-eating plants

3. Meat-eating plants grow very slowly, ______.

A. so you'd better fertilize them

B. probably because the supply of nitrogen is cut off

C. simply because they can't absorb nitrogen from the soil

D. and then they will die slowly

4. Which of the following is true?

A. Meat-eating plants look and act like other green plants.

B. It's hard to get nutrients in the soil when acidity is high.

C. The Venus' flytrap eats flies to get nutrient from them.

D. Green plants make sugar at night.

名词解释