问题 选择题

一个单摆,如果摆球的质量增加为原来的4倍,摆球经过平衡位置时的速度减为原来的,则单摆的

A.频率不变,振幅不变

B.频率不变,振幅改变

C.频率改变,振幅不变

D.频率改变,振幅改变

答案

答案:B

【错解分析】错解:错解一:因为单摆的周期(频率)是由摆长l和当地重力加速度g决定的,所以频率是不变的,而从动能公式上看:,质量变为原来的4倍,速度变为原来的,结果动能不变,既然动能不变(指平衡位置动能也就是最大动能),由机械能守恒可知,势能也不变。所以振幅也不变,应选A。

错解二:认为速度减为原来的,即运动得慢了,所以频率要变,而振幅与质量、速度无关(由上述理由可知)所以振幅不变,应选C。

错解三:认为频率要改变,理由同错解二。而关于振幅的改变与否,除了错解一中所示理由外,即总能量不变,而因为重力势能EP=mgh,EP不变,m变为原来的4倍,h一定变小了,即上摆到最高点的高度下降了,所以振幅要改变,应选D。

此题主要考查决定单摆频率(周期)和振幅的是什么因素,而题中提供了两个变化因素,即质量和最大速度,到底频率和振幅与这两个因素有没有关系。若有关系,有什么关系,是应该弄清楚的。

而错解二和错解三中都认为频率不变,这是因为为不清楚决定单摆的因素是摆长l和当地重力加速度g,而与摆球质量及运动到最低点的速度无关。

错解二中关于频率不变的判断是正确的,错误出现在后半句的结论上。判断只从能量不变去看,当E不变时,EP=mgh,m变大了,h一定变小。说明有些同学考虑问题还是不够全面。

【正解】(1)实际上,通过实验我们已经了解到,决定单摆周期的是摆长及当地重力加速度,并进一步找到周期公式:,单摆的周期与质量无关,与单摆的运动速度也无关。当然,频率也与质量和速度无关,所以不能选C,D。

(2)决定振幅的是外来因素。反映在单摆的运动中,可以从能量去观察,从上面分析我们知道,在平衡位置(即最低点)时的动能。当m增为原来的4倍,速度减为原来的时,动能不变,最高点的重力势能也不变。但是由于第二次摆的质量增大了(实际上单摆已经变成另一个摆动过程了),势能EP=mgh不变,m大了,h就一定变小了,也就是说,振幅减小了。因此正确答案应选B。

【点评】本题的分析解答提醒我们,一是考虑要全面,本题中m,v两因素的变化对确定的单摆振动究竟会产生怎样的影响,要进行全面分析;二是分析问题要有充分的理论依据,如本题中决定单摆振动的频率的印度应由周期公式为依据,而不能以速度判断振动的快慢。振幅应从为依据。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     I felt very sad because I was not able to get the ticket to the film Hero last Friday. I learned from the

newspaper that tickets could be bought at the cinema box office in Richland Hills any day between 10:00 a.m.

and 4:00 p. m. Since I work from 9:00 a. m. to 5:30 p. m., the only time I could go to the cinema was during

my 45 minutes' lunchtime. It is a pity that the cinema is on the other side of the town and the bus service

between my company and Richland Hills is not very good. But if you are lucky, you can make the round trip

in 45 minutes.

     Last Monday, I stood at the bus stop for 15 minutes waiting for a bus. By the time I saw one come round

the corner, there was not enough time left to make the trip, so I had to go back. The same thing happened on

Tuesday, and again on Wednesday. On Thursday my luck changed. I got on a bus right away and arrived at

the cinema in twenty minutes. But when I got there, I found a long line of people at the box office. I heard

one man said he had been waiting in line for over an hour. I found I would not have enough time to wait in line.

I caught the next bus and went back across the town.

     By Friday I understood my only hope was to make the trip by car. It was expensive, but I felt it would be

worth it to see the film. The trip by car only took 10 minutes, but it felt like an hour to me. When I reached

the cinema, I was delighted to see that nobody was waiting in line. But I quickly found out that it was because

they had already sold out all the tickets.

1. It seems that the writer of the story works ______.

A. in a small town

B. in Richland Hills

C. on a farm near the town

D. at a bus service Center

2. He tried to go to the cinema to buy a ticket but really got there ______.

A. five times

B. four times

C. three times

D. twice

3. The underlined word "delighted" means ______.

A. sure

B. sorry

C. surprised

D. pleased

4. Which of the following is true according to the story?

A. The writer was too busy to have time for a rest during the day.

B. The buses running between his office and Richland Hills were always on time on Thursday.

C. He could buy the tickets neither before nor after work hours.

D. It always took him about twenty minutes to get to the cinema by bus.

5. What's the title of the story?

A. How to Get a Ticket

B. Tickets Sold out

C. A Wonderful Film

D. The Way to the Cinema

选择题