问题 简答题

(12分)儒家学说是中国思想文化的主体部分。孔子所奠定的儒家学说在两千多年的漫长岁月中,几经演变.其内容不断得到充实和发展。阅读下列材料,完成相关问题。

材料一 战国时期的孟子在回答梁惠王关于强国之道的求问时,指出:“地方百里可以王。王如施仁政于民,省刑罚,薄税敛,深耕易耨;壮者以暇日修其孝悌忠信,入以事其父兄,出以事其长上,可使制梃以挞秦楚之坚甲利兵矣。”

(1)据材料一指出孟子政治主张的核心是什么?(3分)

材料二 西汉时期的董仲舒在回答汉武帝有关治理国家的方针大计的策问时,指出:“《春秋》大一统者,天地之常经,古今之通谊也。……臣愚以为诸不在六艺之科孔子之术

者,皆绝其道,勿使并进。邪僻之说灭息,然后统纪可一而法度可明,民知所以矣。”

(2)概括材料二中董仲舒的主张。(2分)简要指出儒学能在西汉取得独尊地位的主

要原因。(3分)

材料三 “未有这事,先有这理。如未有君臣,已先有君臣之理;未有父子,已先有父

子之理。不成元无此理,直待有君臣父子,却旋将道理入在里面。”

——《朱子语类》卷九十五

(3)宋代的理学被称为“新儒学”。据材料三并结合所学知识,指出宋代理学的突出特点。(4分)

答案

(1)“仁政”(3分)

(2)“春秋大一统”、“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”。(2分)经董仲舒改造后的儒学适应了西汉

统治者加强中央集权和开拓统一事业的需要。(3分)

(3)宋代理学以儒学思想为基础,并吸收佛、道思想形成“新儒学”;(2分)将“天理”

引入儒学,提出“存天理,灭人欲”。(2分)

本题主要考察儒家思想发展过程中的三个主要阶段及代表人物(战国时期的孟子、西汉时期的董仲舒、宋代的朱熹)。(1)根据所学知识和所给材料可知。孟子建立了一套系统的政治学说:仁政,要求统治者以仁爱之心对待人民,以德服人,争取民心。仁政学说是孟子政治思想的核心和主要特征。(2)董仲舒认为春秋大一统,国家统一是天经地义的,主张“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,以思想上的统一巩固政治上的统一。儒学在西汉汉武帝时取得独尊地位的主要原因可以从客观上要求加强专制主义中央集权和主观上儒家自身的自我完善两方面来考虑。(3)理学吸收了佛道关于宇宙、自然的深层考虑,又把它们与传统儒学联系起来,构造了新的儒学体系。理学认为“理”是世界的本原,是天下万物都要遵循的、永恒存在的普遍原则,体现在社会上是儒家道德伦理,在人身上就是人性。理学以儒家的纲常伦理来约束人们,维护专制统治,遏制人的自然欲求。

填空题


In the following passage, there are 20 blanks representing the words that are missing from the context. You are to put back in each of the blanks the missing word. The time for this section is 20 minutes.
Where do you really come from And how did you get (1) where you live today DNA studies suggest that all humans today (2) from a group of African ancestors who—about 60,000 years ago— (3) a remarkable journey.
The Genographic Project is seeking to chart new (4) about the migratory history of the human species by (5) sophisticated laboratory and computer analysis of DNA contributed by hundreds of (6) of people from around the world. In this unprecedented and real-time (7) effort, the Genographic Project is closing the gaps of what science (8) today about mankind’s ancient migration stories.
The Genographic Project is a five-year (9) partnership led by National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Dr. Spencer Wells. Dr. (10) and a team of renowned international scientists and IBM researchers, are (11) cutting-edge genetic and computational technologies to analyze historical patterns in DNA (12) participants around the world to better understand our human genetic roots. (13) three components of the project are: to gather field research data (14) collaboration with indigenous and traditional peoples around the world; to invite (15) general public to join the project by purchasing a Genographic Project Public Participation Kit; (16) to use proceeds from Genographic Public Participation Kit sales to further (17) research and the Genographic Legacy Fund which in (18) supports indigenous conservation and revitalization projects. The Project is anonymous, non-medical, (19) , non-profit and non-commercial and all results will be placed in the (20) domain following scientific peer publication.

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