问题 填空题

白磷、红磷是磷的两种同素异形体,在空气中燃烧得到磷的氧化物,空气不足时生成P4O6,空气充足时生成P4O10

(1)已知298 K时白磷、红磷完全燃烧的热化学方程式分别为

P4(s,白磷)+5O2(g)===P4O10(s)  ΔH1=-2 983.2 kJ·mol-1

P(s,红磷)+O2(g)===P4O10(s)  ΔH2=-738.5 kJ·mol-1

则该温度下白磷转化为红磷的热化学方程式为               

(2)已知298 K时白磷不完全燃烧的热化学方程式为P4(s,白磷)+3O2(g)===P4O6(s)  ΔH=-1638 kJ·mol-1。在某密闭容器中加入62 g白磷和50.4 L氧气(标准状况),控制条件使之恰好完全反应。则所得到的P4O10与P4O6的物质的量之比为       ,反应过程中放出的热量为       

(3)已知白磷和PCl3的分子结构如图,现提供以下化学键的键能(kJ·mol-1):P—P 198,Cl—Cl 243,P—Cl 331。

则反应P4(s,白磷)+6Cl2(g)===4PCl3(s)的反应热ΔH=       

答案

(1)P4(s,白磷)===4P(s,红磷)  ΔH=-29.2 kJ·mol-1

(2)3∶1 1323.45 kJ(3)-1326 kJ·mol-1

(1)根据盖斯定律,由第一个反应-第二个反应×4,可得:P4(s,白磷)===4P(s,红磷) ΔH=-2983.2 kJ·mol-1-(-738.5 kJ·mol-1)×4=-29.2 kJ·mol-1

(2)n(白磷)==0.5 mol,n(O2)==2.25 mol,设得到的P4O10与P4O6的物质的量分别为x mol、y mol。则

x+y=0.5,5x+3y=2.25,

解得x=0.375 mol,y=0.125。

反应过程中放出的热量为:2983.2 kJ·mol-1×0.375 kJ·mol-1+1638 kJ·mol-1×0.125 mol=1323.45 kJ。

(3)根据图示,1分子P4、PCl3中分别含有6个P—P键、3个P—Cl键,反应热为断裂6 mol P—P键、6 mol Cl—Cl键吸收的能量和形成12 mol P—Cl键放出的能量之差,即ΔH=(6×198  kJ·mol-1+6×243 kJ·mol-1)-12×331 kJ·mol-1=-1326 kJ·mol-1

阅读理解

To help the environment, many Americans have made the change from paper and plastic bags to reusable grocery bags. But a report by a Florida newspaper says that reusable grocery bags sold by some supermarkets contain high levels of lead(铅). Lead is a metal that can be harmful to humans, especially young children, Now, Senator Charles Schumer is asking the US government to investigate(调查) the use of lead in reusable shopping bags.

“When our families go to the grocery store looking for safe and healthy foods to feed their kids, the last thing they should have to worry about is poisonous bags.” Schumer said, “A quick investigation will allow everyone to make informed, timely decisions.”  Schumer added.

Lead in the bags is not likely to rub off (因摩擦而粘在……上面)on food. But over time, paint on the bags can chip and the bags can wear out. When this happens, lead can be released(释放).

The Tampa Tribune newspaper said certain bags sold at Publix and Winn-Dixie supermarkets had lead levels that were a concern to health officials. The affected bags were found in Florida. But Publix has more than 1,000 stores in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Sough Carolina and Tennessee. Publix says that all of its bags are under current laws about lead content, but that they have asked the makers of the bags to reduce the lead levels in the product.

The bags with the highest levels of lead had fancy designs and many pictures. Plain reusable bags without decoration were found to contain little lead. Consumers worried about lead levels in reusable bags can change to cloth or string bags. Paper bags are also a good choice, since paper can be recycled(回收).

Since 2007, Publix supermarkets have sold more than 13 million reusable bags. The store says because shoppers have made the change to reusable bags, it has saved more than 1 billion paper and plastics bags.

小题1: The shopping bags containing high levels of lead ______.

A.have been reported by a newspaper

B.have been stopped by the government

C.have stopped people from using reusable bags

D.have caused serious health damage to customers小题2:From Schumer’s words we can learn that ______.

A.reusable bags do little harm to kids’ health

B.people have shown much concern for the reusable bags

C.people will be informed of the facts about the reusable bags

D.people should refuse to buy things from supermarkets小题3:It can be inferred from the text that Publix might believe that the bags they sold are ______.

A.dependable

B.convenient

C.harmful

D.popular小题4:Customers are advised to choose bags ______.

A.with colorful designs

B.with fancy pictures

C.made of plastic

D.made of paper小题5:From the last paragraph we know that the use of reusable bags has ______.

A.caused Publix a lot of trouble

B.saved Publix much money

C.cost Publix plenty of money

D.been proved a wrong decision

问答题 简答题