问题 填空题

人们对酸碱的认识,已有几百年的历史,经历了一个由浅入深、由低级到高级的认识过程。我们目前中学课本中的酸碱理论是1887年阿仑尼乌斯(Arrhenius)提出了的电离理论。

(1)1905年富兰克林(Franklin)把阿仑尼乌斯以水为溶剂的个别现象,推到任何溶剂,提出了酸碱溶剂理论。溶剂理论认为:凡能离解而产生溶剂正离子的物质为酸,凡能离解而产生溶剂负离子的物质为碱。试写出五氯化磷在某条件下自身电离的方程式:

             ▲           (一种为正四面体阳离子,另一种为正八面体阴离子)。

(2)1923年丹麦化学家布朗斯物(Brφusted)和英国化学家劳莱(Lowry)提出了质子论。凡是能够释放质子(氢离子)的任何含氢原子的分子或离子都是酸;凡是能与质子(氢离子)结合的分子或离子都是碱。按质子理论:下列粒子在水溶液既可看作酸又可看作碱的是     ▲       

A.HSO3-

B.NH4+

C.OH-

D.HCO3- E.CH3COO- F.Cl-(3)1923年路易斯(Lewis)提出了广义的酸碱概念。凡是能给出电子对而用来形成化学键的物质是碱;凡是能和电子对结合的物质都是酸。如:

酸(电子对接受体) 碱(电子对给予体)     反应产物

H+ +  [∶OH ]—   H∶OH

试指出下列两个反应中的酸或碱

①H3BO3  + H2O  = H+ B(OH)4   该反应中的碱是 ▲   (填:H3BO3或 H2O)

②BF3 + NH3  = BF3· NH3           该反应中的酸是 ▲   (填:BF3 或 NH3

答案

(1)2PCl5 PCl4++PCl6(2分)

(2)AD(2分)(3)H2O(1分);BF3(1分)

(1)2PCl5 PCl4++PCl6

(2)选AD,B是酸,C、E、F是碱;(3)H2O提供电子对是碱;BF3中B有空轨道,结合电子对,是酸。

问答题 简答题
单项选择题

Bringing More Humor and Laughter into Our Lives


在生活中带进更多的幽默和笑声


The sound of roaring laughter is far more contagious than any cough, sniffle, or sneeze. Humor and laughter can cause a domino effect of joy and amusement, as well as set off a number of positive physical effects. Humor and laughter strengthen our immune systems and help us recover from illness, as well as bring joy into our lives. The question is: how do we gain access to this priceless medicine
A good hearty laugh can help
reduce stress
lower blood pressure
elevate mood
boost immune system
improve brain functioning
protect the heart
connect you to others
foster instant relaxation
make you feel good
Humor is a powerful emotional medicine that can lower stress, dissolve anger and unite families in troubled times. Mood is elevated by striving to find humor in difficult and frustrating situations. Laugh at yourselves and the situation helps reveal that small things are not the earth- shaking events they sometimes seem to be. Looking at a problem from a different perspective can make it seem less formidable and provide opportunities for greater objectivity and insight. Humor also helps us avoid loneliness by connecting with others who are attracted to genuine cheerfulness. And the good feeling that we get when we laugh can remain with us as an internal experience even after the laughter subsides.
Mental health professionals point out that humor can also teach perspective by helping patients to see reality rather than the distortion that supports their distress. Humor shifts the ways in which we think, and distress is greatly associated with the way we think. It is not situations that generate our stress, but it is the meaning we place on the situations. Humor adjusts the meaning of an event so that it is not so overwhelming.
Here are some additional things we can do to improve our mood, enjoyment of life and mental health.
Attempt to laugh at situations rather than bemoan them—this helps improve our disposition and the disposition of those around us.
Use cathartic laughter to release pent-up feelings of anger and frustration in socially acceptable ways.
Laugh as a means of reducing tension because laughter is often followed by a state of relaxation.
Lower anxiety by visualizing a humorous situation to replace the view of an anxiety-producing situation
Our work, marriage and family all need humor, celebrations, play and ritual as much as record-keeping and problem-solving. We should ask the questions "Do we laugh together" as well as "Can we get through this hardship together" Humor binds us together, lightens our burdens and helps us keep things in perspective. One of the things that saps our energy is the time, focus and effort we put into coping with life’s problems including each other’s limitations. Our families, our friends and our neighbors are not perfect and neither are our marriages, our kids or our in-laws. When we laugh together, it can bind us closer together instead of pulling us apart.
Remember that even in the most difficult of times, a laugh, or even simply a smile, can go a long way in helping us feel better.
Laughter is a birthright, a natural part of life. The part of the brain that connects to and facilitates laughter is among the first parts of the nervous system to come on line after birth. Infants begin smiling during the first weeks of life and laugh out loud within months of being born. Even if you did not grow up in a household where laughter was a common sound, you can learn to laugh at any stage of life.

Which of the following statements is NOT right

A.Laughter is a natural part of life.
B.Human beings are not born to be able to laugh.
C.Human beings can learn to laugh at any time of life.
D.Laughter is a kind of medicine, so to speak.