有人认为英国“革命前是国王的议会，革命后是议会的国王”。这表明英国资产阶级革命后的政体是
A．君主专制政体
B．君主立宪政体
C．封建专制政体
D．民主共和政体
答案：B
题目分析：“革命后是议会的国王”说明了英国资产阶级革命后，国王没有实权，国家的最高权力掌握在议会手中，这种保留统而不治的君主、国会拥有最高权力的政治体制被称为君主立宪制，故选B。
点评：本题难度适中，考查的是学生对于历史知识的识记、理解能力。学生还要知道，1689年英国国会颁布《权利法案》，对国王在政治、经济、宗教事务中的权力进行了严格的限定，确定了国会拥有最高权力的基本原则，并对公民应有的权利作了明确规定，标志着君主立宪制的建立。
| Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters. This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne Plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity. Their findings laid the groundwork for modem motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces. |
The research became known as the "Hawthorne effect" because
A．it was the name of the plant where the study was conducted
B．it was the name suggested by the Harvard researchers
C．it was the name of the principal experimenter
D．There were Hawthorne plants growing at Western Electric where the study was conducted