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问题 填空题

（12分）CuSO4·5H2O是铜的重要化合物，有着广泛的应用。以下是CuSO4·5H2O的实验室制备流程图。

根据题意完成下列填空：

（1）理论上，为了制得纯净的CuSO4·5H2O晶体，需要消耗稀硫酸、稀硝酸溶质物质的量之比为            ，发生反应的离子方程式为                            。

（2）实际制得的胆矾晶体中还是含有一些杂质，通常采用          法提纯。

（3）实际生产过程中对所加稀硝酸的浓度控制要求比较高，通常用标准氢氧化钠溶液来滴定。滴定过程中若用酚酞作指示剂，终点现象是                                          

                        。请在右图中画出滴定过程中溶液的pH随所滴加氢氧化钠溶液体积的变化的曲线图（要求过A点）。

（4）上述使用的标准氢氧化钠溶液已经通过基准物质的标定。下列物质中通常可用来标定碱液的基准物质是             。

A．醋酸

B．草酸

C．苯甲酸

D．苯酚

答案

（12分，每空2分）

（1）3:2   3Cu+8H++2NO3-=3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2O

（2）重结晶

（3）溶液由无色变成红色（或浅红色），且半分钟内不褪色

（作图要求：要体现出“A”点附近的滴定突跃，否则不给分）

（4）B、C（选错不给分，漏选扣1分）

问答题

(46) It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
"That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare.
(48) Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.
"Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood."
There is, however, a "remarkable range "of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood.
In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.
(49) Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.
Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.
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单项选择题 A型题

方差分析的基本思想为（）

A组间均方大于组内均方

B.误差均方必然小于组间均方

C.组内方差显著大于组间方差时，该因素对所考察指标的影响显著

D.总离均差平方和及其自由度按设计可以分解成几种不同的来源

E.组间方差显著大于组内方差时，该因素对所考察指标的影响显著
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