问题 问答题

(1)①某同学用如图1所示的装置来探究机械能守恒定律:实验中,得到了甲、乙、丙三条实验纸带,如图2所示,则应选______纸带好.

在实验中若所用重物的质量为l.00kg,当地的重力加速度为g=9.80m/s2,在某次实验中得到一条点迹清晰的纸带,如图3所示,把第一个点记作0,另选取连续的4个点A、B、C、D作为测量的点,经测量知道A,B、C、D各点到O点的距离分别为62.99cm,70.18cm,77.76cm、85.73cm.

②根据以上数据,可知重物由O点运动到C点,重力势能的减少量等于______J,动能的增加量等于______J(取三位有效数字).

③由以上的计算结果可看出,重物由O点运动到C点,重力势能的减少量______于动能的增加量,试简单阐述造成这一结果的两个理由______、______.

(2)用如图甲所示的装置,来验证碰撞过程中的动量守恒.图中PQ是斜槽,QR为水平槽.O点是水平槽末端R在记录纸上的垂直投影点,A、B两球的质量之比mA:mB=3:1.先使A球从斜槽上固定位置G由静止释放,在水平地面的记录纸上留下落点痕迹,重复10次,得到10个落点.再把B球放在水平槽上的末端R处,让A球仍从位置G由静止释放,与B球碰撞,碰后A、B球分别在记录纸上留下各自的落点痕迹,重复10次.A、B两球在记录纸上留下的落点痕迹如图乙所示,其中米尺的零点与O点对齐.

①碰撞后A球的水平射程应取______cm.

②本实验巧妙地利用小球飞行的水平距离表示小球的水平速度.下面的实验条件中,可能不能使小球飞行的水平距离表示为水平速度的是______.

A.使A、B两小球的质量之比改变为5:1

B.升高固定点G的位置

C.使A、B两小球的直径之比改变为1:3

D.升高桌面的高度,即升高R点距地面的高度

③利用此次实验中测得的数据计算碰撞前的总动量与碰撞后的总动量的比值为______.(结果保留三位有效数字)

答案

(1)①自由落体运动的前0.02s的位移位移:x=

1
2
gt2=
1
2
×9.8×0.022m=1.98mm≈2mm,

为保证初速度为零,要选第一、二点间距接进2mm的纸带,故选甲纸带;

②重力势能减小量△Ep=mgh=1.0×9.8×0.7776J=7.62J.

利用匀变速直线运动的推论得:

vC=

xBD
TBD

△Ek=EkC=

1
2
mvC2=7.57J

③重物减小的重力势能总大于重物增加的动能,其主要原因是纸带与打点计时器间有摩擦阻力,或存在空气阻力.

(2)①A小球和B小球相撞后,B小球的速度增大,A小球的速度减小,碰撞前后都做平抛运动,高度相同,所以运动时间相同,所以速度大的水平位就大,而碰后A的速度小于B的速度,所以碰撞后A球的落地点距离O点最近,所以碰撞后A球的水平射程应取14.50cm. 

②只有当小球做平抛运动时才能用水平位移表示为水平速度,

A、改变小球的质量比,小球碰撞后仍然做平抛运动,可以用小球飞行的水平距离表示为水平速度;

B、升高固定点G的位置,小球碰撞后仍然做平抛运动,可以用小球飞行的水平距离表示为水平速度;

C、使A、B两小球的直径之比改变为1:3,小球的球心不在同一高度,碰撞后小球的速度不在水平方向,不能做平抛运动,不可以用小球飞行的水平距离表示为水平速度;

D、升高桌面的高度,即升高R点距地面的高度,小球碰撞后仍然做平抛运动,可以用小球飞行的水平距离表示为水平速度;

故选C

③碰撞前A球做平抛运动的水平位移为x1=30cm,碰撞后A球做平抛运动的水平位移为x2=14.5cm,碰撞后B球做平抛运动的水平位移为x3=45cm

设运动的时间为t,则碰撞前的动量为:mA

x1
t
,碰撞后总动量为:mA
x2
t
+mB
x3
t

所以碰撞前的总动量与碰撞后的总动量的比值为

mA
x1
t
mA
x2
t
+mB
x3
t
=1.01

故答案为:(1)①甲;②7.62,7.57;③大,由于空气的阻力、纸带与打点计时器之间有摩擦.

(2)①14.50;②C;③1.01.

阅读理解

下面几篇小短文是关于人们交往场所的信息。请阅读下列应用文,并按照要求匹配信息。

首先,请阅读下面的信息。

A: Join a club

Join a club with people of common interests. If you have something in common with people, you will find it much easier to talk to them and plan activities.

B: School or workplace

If you’re in school or at work, you will have many schoolmates or workmate. You can get close to them and talk to them in your spare time, or simply do the same thing together.

C: Join a team

You can join a team, especially if you’re in school. Joining a sports team can be a great way to make friends. As long as you enjoy the sport, try your best, and your teammates will be happy to accept you.

D: Be a volunteer (志愿者)

Volunteering is a way to show your passion and love. It’s also a great way for people of all ages to meet others. By working together you build friendship with people.

E: Get online

You can know as many new friends as you can through the Internet. You can also make friends with people in other countries. And if you find some people in your area, you can introduce yourself online and then meet them in person.

F: Talk with a stranger

Practice smiling and saying “Hello” with every stranger you meet. You will be surprised to find how many people answer you in a friendly way. And you may make more new friends in this way.

请阅读以下相关信息,然后匹配交往场所和具体建议。

小题1: Tip1: The fact that you’re devoting your time to something without asking for money shows that you’re a very kind and helpful volunteer, which good friends must be.

小题2:Tip2: A common wrong idea about this is that you have to be really good at playing a particular sport in order to make friends with others in the team, but this isn’t true.

小题3:Tip3: Speaking to a stranger that you’ve never met, even a guy, is easy. The secret is not to get nervous, pay attention and ask questions.

小题4:Tip4: Whatever your age, there might be some people with the same interests as you have. And there might be a club or organization for you.

小题5:Tip5: In general, the Internet isn’t a great place to make real friends, or the kind of friends who will be there for you when you really need them.

单项选择题